Gas
- Gas: 트랜잭션을 네트워크에 전송할때 소비되는 비용
- 존재이유1: 가스가 없다면 블록체인 네트워크에 무분별한 트랜잭션을 전송하여 DDOS 공격을 당할 수 있음, 가스라는 이용료를 부과하여 네트워크를 보호할 수 있음
- 존재이유2: 또한 네트워크를 사용하기 위한 수단으로 Ether의 필요성을 부여
- 존재이유3: 채굴자들의 보상으로 네트워크 참여 유도
- gas: 트랜잭션에 사용할 가스양 (리터 개념), 트랜잭션 처리에 사용되는 가스가 남으면 환불됨
- gasPrice: 1가스당 가격 (리터당 가격 개념), gasPrice를 높게 책정하면 마이너가 우선적으로 트랜잭션을 처리, 단위는 gwei(10^-9 ETH)
- Block의 gasLimit: 블록이 허용할 트랜잭션들의 양을 제한, 트랜잭션의 가스 리밋은 블록의 가스 리밋을 넘을 수 없음
- Block의 gasUsed: 해당 블록에 담긴 트랜잭션들의 gasUsed 총합
- txFee 제한(RPCTxFeeCap): 트랜잭션 전송시의 (gas*gasPrice)는 설정된 RPCTxFeeCap을 초과할 수 없음, 디폴트는 1ETH
// Defaults contains default settings for use on the Ethereum main net.
var Defaults = Config{
SyncMode: downloader.SnapSync,
NetworkId: 0, // enable auto configuration of networkID == chainID
TxLookupLimit: 2350000,
TransactionHistory: 2350000,
StateHistory: params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
LightPeers: 100,
DatabaseCache: 512,
TrieCleanCache: 154,
TrieDirtyCache: 256,
TrieTimeout: 60 * time.Minute,
SnapshotCache: 102,
FilterLogCacheSize: 32,
Miner: miner.DefaultConfig,
TxPool: legacypool.DefaultConfig,
BlobPool: blobpool.DefaultConfig,
RPCGasCap: 50000000,
RPCEVMTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
GPO: FullNodeGPO,
RPCTxFeeCap: 1, // 1 ether
}
/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig/config.go
eip1559 이후 변경된 내용
baseFeePerGas:
이더리움 프로토콜에 의해 결정되는 최소 가스 프라이스(wei단위)로 트랜잭션이 블록에 포함되기 위해서 baseFeePerGas 보다 높은 가격을 지정해야한다.
geth 코드상에서는 baseFee의 변수명을 사용.
> eth.getBlock(38)
{
baseFeePerGas: 6256137,
difficulty: 133445,
extraData: "0xd983010a1a846765746888676f312e31382e358664617277696e",
gasLimit: 8302244,
gasUsed: 21000,
hash: "0xe70cb707ac576775a55408a1f5e61639f80ac89603b11df1acd0f09add3f9fe1",
logsBloom: "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
miner: "0x2da28e108530892c660dca151762ec3304b63127",
mixHash: "0x08296c14fe7771b511dcca098242bffdbb675c75df25cfddc8d04f271bb15eb1",
nonce: "0x6e61f0e728d36aba",
number: 38,
parentHash: "0xf8382ff2896a32ad08062217e1e8c8df2157acbb8e78c14fe9a66495d794d5a3",
receiptsRoot: "0xf78dfb743fbd92ade140711c8bbc542b5e307f0ab7984eff35d751969fe57efa",
sha3Uncles: "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
size: 665,
stateRoot: "0x7de581c221fa8f5ded8d3778837be28dc7b22368be75e5d2fdf3abbdaa2fcb8d",
timestamp: 1701308833,
totalDifficulty: 5025744,
transactions: ["0x4edc488026b86df0ae9f79e23b969f90e2a2f7e2b9912dce1f721efe01a94ccb"],
transactionsRoot: "0xbac00b41a1370f63400f6cb4ce3a4e18eefa54abd3870c94d084d6eb3e59e550",
uncles: []
}baseFee는 CalcBaseFee()에서 계산된다.
// /go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559/eip1559.go
// CalcBaseFee calculates the basefee of the header.
func CalcBaseFee(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
// If the current block is the first EIP-1559 block, return the InitialBaseFee.
if !config.IsLondon(parent.Number) {
return new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.InitialBaseFee)
}
parentGasTarget := parent.GasLimit / config.ElasticityMultiplier()
// If the parent gasUsed is the same as the target, the baseFee remains unchanged.
if parent.GasUsed == parentGasTarget {
return new(big.Int).Set(parent.BaseFee)
}
var (
num = new(big.Int)
denom = new(big.Int)
)
if parent.GasUsed > parentGasTarget {
// If the parent block used more gas than its target, the baseFee should increase.
// max(1, parentBaseFee * gasUsedDelta / parentGasTarget / baseFeeChangeDenominator)
num.SetUint64(parent.GasUsed - parentGasTarget)
num.Mul(num, parent.BaseFee)
num.Div(num, denom.SetUint64(parentGasTarget))
num.Div(num, denom.SetUint64(config.BaseFeeChangeDenominator()))
baseFeeDelta := math.BigMax(num, common.Big1)
return num.Add(parent.BaseFee, baseFeeDelta)
} else {
// Otherwise if the parent block used less gas than its target, the baseFee should decrease.
// max(0, parentBaseFee * gasUsedDelta / parentGasTarget / baseFeeChangeDenominator)
num.SetUint64(parentGasTarget - parent.GasUsed)
num.Mul(num, parent.BaseFee)
num.Div(num, denom.SetUint64(parentGasTarget))
num.Div(num, denom.SetUint64(config.BaseFeeChangeDenominator()))
baseFee := num.Sub(parent.BaseFee, num)
return math.BigMax(baseFee, common.Big0)
}
}
트랜잭션에는 maxFeePerGas와 maxPriorityPerGas가 추가되었다.
maxFeePerGas (GasFeeCap)
- 트랜잭션이 처리되기 위해 지불할 최대 가스 프라이스.
- 실제로 지불되는 가스비는 maxFeePerGas 보다 낮을 수 있음.
- 트랜잭션의 maxFeePerGas는 baseFee 보다는 높아야함
- 1559 이전에는 트랜잭션에 사용된 가스 수수료가 채굴자에게 지불되었지만 1559 이후에는 baseFee만큼의 가스 수수료는 채굴자에게 지불되지 않고 소각된다.
maxPriorityFeePerGas(GasTipCap)
- 채굴자에게 지불되는 수수료
- 이더리움 2.0에서는 합의 클라이언트에 지정된 Fee recepient에게 지불된다.
- 트랜잭션 생성자가 지불하는 Total Gas Fee = (baseFee + MaxPriorityPerGas) * gas
> eth.sendTransaction({from: eth.accounts[0], to: eth.accounts[1], value: web3.toWei(1, "ether"), gas: 21000, maxFeePerGas: web3.toWei(1, "gwei"), maxPriorityFeePerGas: web3.toWei(1, "gwei")})
"0x8ce9ba0d314d0ec5c39e82d62d7b17fcfd3782cdb6233a35bde82666c5a3dcc3"
> eth.sendTransaction({from: eth.accounts[0], to: eth.accounts[1], value: web3.toWei(1, "ether"), gas: 21000, maxFeePerGas: web3.toWei(1, "gwei"), maxPriorityFeePerGas: web3.toWei(1, "gwei")})
"0x58be26891bddb2515000da18c21822a00851ad9ec397c1682fb2f1916fed5c5f"
> eth.getTransaction("0x8ce9ba0d314d0ec5c39e82d62d7b17fcfd3782cdb6233a35bde82666c5a3dcc3")
{
accessList: [],
blockHash: "0x3309158bfba881b4bb93f6835684799deeda7ffc40410cb87773e0115c1d2e14",
blockNumber: 2026,
chainId: "0x3039",
from: "0x2da28e108530892c660dca151762ec3304b63127",
gas: 21000,
gasPrice: 1000000000,
hash: "0x8ce9ba0d314d0ec5c39e82d62d7b17fcfd3782cdb6233a35bde82666c5a3dcc3",
input: "0x",
maxFeePerGas: 1000000000,
maxPriorityFeePerGas: 1000000000,
nonce: 2,
r: "0xbdafaa196adc77995e04e2284a966f1bbfa1b1590a8b3eb27ad46fa40baa5c2",
s: "0x3bf915c056895a8f5b7051160481b6d76107d466ed85109f1be1296118dc6972",
to: "0x7a37056b9fe5bf9d3ee613529e3db76ab5e46e1d",
transactionIndex: 0,
type: "0x2",
v: "0x0",
value: 1000000000000000000
}
type: "0x2"로, 다이나믹 트랜잭션 타입
> eth.getBlock(2026)
{
baseFeePerGas: 7,
difficulty: 330779,
extraData: "0xd983010a1a846765746888676f312e31382e358664617277696e",
gasLimit: 30000000,
gasUsed: 42000,
hash: "0x3309158bfba881b4bb93f6835684799deeda7ffc40410cb87773e0115c1d2e14",
logsBloom: "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
miner: "0x2da28e108530892c660dca151762ec3304b63127",
mixHash: "0x886fbbbc2d778bc00b137f5d06da700862f42d6fb5089b50a26e057b6280a1f9",
nonce: "0x055a47a890dda6fa",
number: 2026,
parentHash: "0x8431ccd3bb56fa610a5d026ba7cadc4ff198c639edb49fb5292a4158b056e0df",
receiptsRoot: "0x75308898d571eafb5cd8cde8278bf5b3d13c5f6ec074926de3bb895b519264e1",
sha3Uncles: "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
size: 786,
stateRoot: "0xd7064b8b2c128d61332fbc962839a16e93c8f6b595d7b6bb4ab6473072ceeea8",
timestamp: 1701314724,
totalDifficulty: 441298049,
transactions: ["0x8ce9ba0d314d0ec5c39e82d62d7b17fcfd3782cdb6233a35bde82666c5a3dcc3", "0x58be26891bddb2515000da18c21822a00851ad9ec397c1682fb2f1916fed5c5f"],
transactionsRoot: "0x47326258881da5e8c994f4fe13b43f5fc500d3ae6cef7ca80725f1b2932edd20",
uncles: []
}
Move fast & break things