복습
- 4.26
j15@ace:~/d3$ pwd
/home/j15/d3
j15@ace:~/d3$ nl ~/.bash_aliases - 전날 제작한 il 함수 코드
1 function il()
2 {
3 echo -e "\n 좋아요 좋아요 좋아요 \ㅜ"
4 }
j15@ace:~/d3$ gcc b.c - - 컴파일 작업
j15@ace:~/d3$ ll
합계 44
drwxrwxr-x 2 j15 j15 4096 4월 26 10:02 ./
drwxr-x--- 8 j15 j15 4096 4월 26 09:58 ../
-rw------- 1 j15 j15 12288 4월 26 10:02 .b.c.swp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 j15 j15 49 4월 26 09:54 3-2.c
-rwxrwxr-x 1 j15 j15 15960 4월 26 10:02 a.out* -컴파일 이름 지정 안하면 이렇게 저장
-rw-rw-r-- 1 j15 j15 92 4월 26 10:01 b.c
j15@ace:~/d3$ ./a.out - echo $PATH에서 확인
c언어가 짱인가?...?
j15@ace:~/d3$ PATH=$PATH:.
j15@ace:~/d3$ a.out - 경로 지정없이 파일 명으로 실행하기
c언어가 짱인가?...?
j15@ace:~/d3$ ll
합계 32
drwxrwxr-x 2 j15 j15 4096 4월 26 10:04 ./
drwxr-x--- 8 j15 j15 4096 4월 26 10:04 ../
-rw-rw-r-- 1 j15 j15 49 4월 26 09:54 3-2.c
-rwxrwxr-x 1 j15 j15 15960 4월 26 10:02 a.out*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 j15 j15 92 4월 26 10:01 b.c
j15@ace:~/d3$ gcc -o bb b.c
j15@ace:~/d3$
j15@ace:~/d3$ ll
합계 48
drwxrwxr-x 2 j15 j15 4096 4월 26 10:04 ./
drwxr-x--- 8 j15 j15 4096 4월 26 10:04 ../
-rw-rw-r-- 1 j15 j15 49 4월 26 09:54 3-2.c
-rwxrwxr-x 1 j15 j15 15960 4월 26 10:02 a.out*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 j15 j15 92 4월 26 10:01 b.c
-rwxrwxr-x 1 j15 j15 15960 4월 26 10:04 bb*
j15@ace:~/d3$ gcc b.c -o b
j15@ace:~/d3$ ll
합계 64
drwxrwxr-x 2 j15 j15 4096 4월 26 10:04 ./
drwxr-x--- 8 j15 j15 4096 4월 26 10:04 ../
-rw-rw-r-- 1 j15 j15 49 4월 26 09:54 3-2.c
-rwxrwxr-x 1 j15 j15 15960 4월 26 10:02 a.out*
-rwxrwxr-x 1 j15 j15 15960 4월 26 10:04 b*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 j15 j15 92 4월 26 10:01 b.c
-rwxrwxr-x 1 j15 j15 15960 4월 26 10:04 bb*
4.27
enableF
=
[root@nc7 ~]# compgen -b | paste - - - - -
. : [ alias bg
bind break builtin caller cd
command compgen complete compopt continue
declare dirs disown echo enable
eval exec exit export false
fc fg getopts hash help
history jobs kill let local
logout mapfile popd printf pushd
pwd read readarray readonly return
set shift shopt source suspend
test times trap true type
typeset ulimit umask unalias unset
wait
echo $SHELL
echo ~
df -h : disk free
du /etc : /etc 용량 확인
[root@nc7 ~]# du /etc/
21M /etc/
[root@nc7 ~]# du /etc/ -sh
21M /etc/
[root@nc7 ~]# du ~sh ~blue/
du: cannot access '~sh': No such file or directory
16K /home/blue/
dnf list | more
환경변수
[root@nc7 ~]# useradd white
[root@nc7 ~]# passwd white
Changing password for user white.
New password:
BAD PASSWORD: The password is a palindrome
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@nc7 ~]# ls /home/ - 가입 확인
blue green red white
[root@nc7 ~]#
[root@nc7 ~]# nl /etc/passwd | tail -5
24 pipewire:x:989:989:PipeWire System Daemon:/var/run/pipewire:/sbin/nologin
25 flatpak:x:988:988:User for flatpak system helper:/:/sbin/nologin
26 mysql:x:27:27:MySQL Server:/var/lib/mysql:/sbin/nologin
27 blue:x:1000:1000::/home/blue:/bin/bash
28 white:x:1001:1001::/home/white:/bin/bash
dnf -y install : y: 설치 여부 확인
[root@nc7 ~]# di wget
Last metadata expiration check: 0:04:44 ago on Thu Apr 27 10:01:15 2023.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
================================================================================================================
Installing:
wget x86_64 1.21.1-7.el9 appstream 769 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 769 k
Installed size: 3.1 M
Downloading Packages:
wget-1.21.1-7.el9.x86_64.rpm 856 kB/s | 769 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 525 kB/s | 769 kB 00:01
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : wget-1.21.1-7.el9.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: wget-1.21.1-7.el9.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : wget-1.21.1-7.el9.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
wget-1.21.1-7.el9.x86_64
Complete!
[root@nc7 ~]#
[root@nc7 ~]# di wget
Last metadata expiration check: 0:04:52 ago on Thu Apr 27 10:01:15 2023.
Package wget-1.21.1-7.el9.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
Nothing to do.
Complete!
[root@nc7 ~]# pstree - 프로세스를 트리 형식으로 확인~
systemd─┬─NetworkManager───2*[{NetworkManager}]
├─anacron
├─auditd───{auditd}
├─chronyd
├─crond
├─dbus-broker-lau───dbus-broker
├─firewalld───{firewalld}
├─irqbalance───{irqbalance}
├─login───bash
├─mysqld───38*[{mysqld}]
├─polkitd───5*[{polkitd}]
├─rsyslogd───2*[{rsyslogd}]
├─sshd─┬─sshd───sshd───bash───pstree
│ └─sshd───sshd───bash
├─systemd───(sd-pam)
├─systemd-journal
├─systemd-logind
└─systemd-udevd
[root@nc7 ~]# tree
-bash: tree: command not found
[root@nc7 ~]# di tree
Last metadata expiration check: 0:05:51 ago on Thu Apr 27 10:01:15 2023.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
================================================================================================================
Installing:
tree x86_64 1.8.0-10.el9 baseos 55 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 55 k
Installed size: 113 k
Downloading Packages:
tree-1.8.0-10.el9.x86_64.rpm 1.1 MB/s | 55 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 85 kB/s | 55 kB 00:00
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : tree-1.8.0-10.el9.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: tree-1.8.0-10.el9.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : tree-1.8.0-10.el9.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
tree-1.8.0-10.el9.x86_64
Complete!
[root@nc7 ~]# dnf list --installed | grep tree
ostree-libs.x86_64 2022.5-1.el9 @appstream
tree.x86_64 1.8.0-10.el9 @baseos
[root@nc7 ~]# tree
.
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
├── k2
└── pslist
0 directories, 3 files
[root@nc7 ~]# whatis tree
tree (1) - list contents of directories in a tree-like format.
[root@nc7 ~]# dnf -y remove tree - tree 삭제
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
================================================================================================================
Removing:
tree x86_64 1.8.0-10.el9 @baseos 113 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================================================
Remove 1 Package
Freed space: 113 k
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Erasing : tree-1.8.0-10.el9.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: tree-1.8.0-10.el9.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : tree-1.8.0-10.el9.x86_64 1/1
Removed:
tree-1.8.0-10.el9.x86_64
Complete!
[root@nc7 ~]# tree /
-bash: /usr/bin/tree: No such file or directory
[root@nc7 ~]# dnf info tree -tree 명령어 정보 확인
Last metadata expiration check: 0:10:29 ago on Thu Apr 27 10:01:15 2023.
Installed Packages
Name : tree
Version : 1.8.0
Release : 10.el9
Architecture : x86_64
Size : 113 k
Source : tree-pkg-1.8.0-10.el9.src.rpm
Repository : @System
From repo : baseos
Summary : File system tree viewer
URL : http://mama.indstate.edu/users/ice/tree/
License : GPLv2+ and LGPLv2+
Description : The tree utility recursively displays the contents of directories in a
: tree-like format. Tree is basically a UNIX port of the DOS tree
: utility.
[root@nc7 ~]# yum info tree - dnf와 똑같음
Last metadata expiration check: 0:14:10 ago on Thu Apr 27 10:01:15 2023.
Installed Packages
Name : tree
Version : 1.8.0
Release : 10.el9
Architecture : x86_64
Size : 113 k
Source : tree-pkg-1.8.0-10.el9.src.rpm
Repository : @System
From repo : baseos
Summary : File system tree viewer
URL : http://mama.indstate.edu/users/ice/tree/
License : GPLv2+ and LGPLv2+
Description : The tree utility recursively displays the contents of directories in a
: tree-like format. Tree is basically a UNIX port of the DOS tree
: utility.
[root@nc7 ~]# dnf -3 info tree - yum과 같음
Last metadata expiration check: 0:14:33 ago on Thu Apr 27 10:01:15 2023.
Installed Packages
Name : tree
Version : 1.8.0
Release : 10.el9
Architecture : x86_64
Size : 113 k
Source : tree-pkg-1.8.0-10.el9.src.rpm
Repository : @System
From repo : baseos
Summary : File system tree viewer
URL : http://mama.indstate.edu/users/ice/tree/
License : GPLv2+ and LGPLv2+
Description : The tree utility recursively displays the contents of directories in a
: tree-like format. Tree is basically a UNIX port of the DOS tree
: utility.
[root@nc7 ~]# whereis yum
yum: /usr/bin/yum /etc/yum /usr/share/man/man8/yum.8.gz
[root@nc7 ~]# which yum
/usr/bin/yum
[root@nc7 ~]# whatis yum
yum (8) - redirecting to DNF Command Reference
[root@nc7 ~]# ll /usr/bin/yum
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Nov 15 18:28 /usr/bin/yum -> dnf-3
[root@nc7 ~]# which dnf
/usr/bin/dnf
[root@nc7 ~]# ll /usr/bin/dnf
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Nov 15 18:28 /usr/bin/dnf -> dnf-3 =결과는 같다
RockyLInux Package
rpm : 과거 관리 Tool (현 사용 x)
yum,dnf : dnf-3의 symbolic link임을 확인
설치
di [설치 패키지]
dnf install [설치 패키지]
업데이트
dnf update
조회
dnf list --installed
dnf -3 info
yum info
dq [프로그램]
ps -ef | grep [프로그램] = 프로세스 확인
삭제
dnf remove
정보보기
whereis
whatis
which
실습)
di httpd
dnf
[root@nc7 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
127.0.0.1
자주 등장하는 에러
[root@nc7 /]# mysql
ERROR 2002 (HY000): Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' (2)
= 프로그램 시작을 해야함!
[root@nc7 /]# systemctl start mysqld = 시작 명령어
└> d : daemon
socket - pipe
s p
[root@nc7 /]# dnf info mysql-server
Last metadata expiration check: 0:57:09 ago on Thu Apr 27 10:01:15 2023.
Installed Packages
Name : mysql-server
Version : 8.0.30
Release : 3.el9_0
Architecture : x86_64
Size : 106 M
Source : mysql-8.0.30-3.el9_0.src.rpm
Repository : @System
From repo : appstream
Summary : The MySQL server and related files
URL : http://www.mysql.com
License : GPLv2 with exceptions and LGPLv2 and BSD
Description : MySQL is a multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database server. MySQL is a
: client/server implementation consisting of a server daemon (mysqld)
: and many different client programs and libraries. This package contains
: the MySQL server and some accompanying files and directories.
[root@nc7 /]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL 8.0 database server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2023-04-27 10:55:57 KST; 3min 15s ago
Process: 2482 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mysql-check-socket (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 2504 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mysql-prepare-db-dir mysqld.service (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 2538 (mysqld)
Status: "Server is operational"
Tasks: 38 (limit: 12294)
Memory: 367.6M
CPU: 1.674s
CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
└─2538 /usr/libexec/mysqld --basedir=/usr
Apr 27 10:55:56 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: Starting MySQL 8.0 database server...
Apr 27 10:55:57 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: Started MySQL 8.0 database server.
[root@nc7 /]# systemctl stop mysqld - 정지 명령어
[root@nc7 /]# systemctl status mysqld - 에러 출력
○ mysqld.service - MySQL 8.0 database server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Apr 27 10:55:14 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: Stopping MySQL 8.0 database server...
Apr 27 10:55:14 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: mysqld.service: Deactivated successfully.
Apr 27 10:55:14 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: Stopped MySQL 8.0 database server.
Apr 27 10:55:14 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: mysqld.service: Consumed 36.047s CPU time.
Apr 27 10:55:56 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: Starting MySQL 8.0 database server...
Apr 27 10:55:57 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: Started MySQL 8.0 database server.
Apr 27 10:59:58 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: Stopping MySQL 8.0 database server...
Apr 27 10:59:59 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: mysqld.service: Deactivated successfully.
Apr 27 10:59:59 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: Stopped MySQL 8.0 database server.
Apr 27 10:59:59 nc7.linux.kr systemd[1]: mysqld.service: Consumed 1.983s CPU time.
- 4.27
---rocky 로 마운트 하는 법
[root@nc7 ~]# mount -r /dev/cdrom /media/ -t : 파일 시스템 유형을 지정
[root@nc7 ~]# df /media/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sr0 52M 52M 0 100% /media - 정상적인 mount 실행완료
[root@nc7 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev
tmpfs 982M 0 982M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 393M 5.5M 388M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-root 12G 2.6G 9.5G 21% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 184M 831M 19% /boot
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-home 5.0G 68M 5.0G 2% /home
tmpfs 197M 4.0K 197M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-data 10G 125M 9.9G 2% /data
/dev/sr0 52M 52M 0 100% /media - ★
[root@nc7 ~]# cd /media/
[root@nc7 /media]# ls
AUTORUN.INF VBoxDarwinAdditions.pkg VBoxWindowsAdditions-amd64.exe cert
NT3x VBoxDarwinAdditionsUninstall.tool VBoxWindowsAdditions-x86.exe runasroot.sh
OS2 VBoxLinuxAdditions.run VBoxWindowsAdditions.exe windows11-bypass.reg
TRANS.TBL VBoxSolarisAdditions.pkg autorun.sh
[root@nc7 /media]# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run - 실행파일 가동
Verifying archive integrity... 100% MD5 checksums are OK. All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 7.0.8 Guest Additions for Linux 100%
bzip2 not found★. Please install: bzip2 tar; and try again. - bzip2 설치 필요하다는 의존성 문제 발견
[root@nc7 /media]# di bzip2 - 설치
[root@nc7 /media]# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Verifying archive integrity... 100% MD5 checksums are OK. All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 7.0.8 Guest Additions for Linux 100%
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-7.0.8/bin/VBoxClient: error while loading shared libraries: libXt.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-7.0.8/bin/VBoxClient: error while loading shared libraries: libXt.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Starting.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Setting up modules
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel
modules. This may take a while.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: To build modules for other installed kernels, run
VirtualBox Guest Additions: /sbin/rcvboxadd quicksetup <version>
VirtualBox Guest Additions: or
VirtualBox Guest Additions: /sbin/rcvboxadd quicksetup all
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Kernel headers not found for target kernel
5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1.x86_64. Please install them and execute
/sbin/rcvboxadd setup
VirtualBox Guest Additions: reloading kernel modules and services
cannot verify if kernel modules and services were reloaded
The log file /var/log/vboxadd-setup.log may contain further information.
[root@nc7 /media]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev
tmpfs 982M 0 982M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 393M 5.5M 388M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-root 12G 2.6G 9.5G 22% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 184M 831M 19% /boot
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-home 5.0G 68M 5.0G 2% /home
tmpfs 197M 4.0K 197M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-data 10G 125M 9.9G 2% /data
/dev/sr0 52M 52M 0 100% /media
리눅스에서 mount 명령어 옵션
-t: 파일 시스템 유형을 지정합니다. 예를 들어, -t ext4는 ext4 파일 시스템을 사용합니다.
-o: 추가 옵션을 지정합니다. 이 옵션을 사용하여 특정 파일 시스템에 대한 추가 옵션을 설정할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, -o ro는 읽기 전용으로 파일 시스템을 마운트합니다.
noexec: 이 옵션을 사용하면 마운트된 파일 시스템에서 실행 파일을 실행하지 못하도록 할 수 있습니다.
nodev: 이 옵션을 사용하면 마운트된 파일 시스템에서 디바이스 파일을 생성하지 못하도록 할 수 있습니다.
nosuid: 이 옵션을 사용하면 마운트된 파일 시스템에서 SUID와 SGID 비트를 무시할 수 있습니다.
remount: 이 옵션을 사용하면 마운트된 파일 시스템을 다시 마운트할 수 있습니다. 이것은 파일 시스템의 옵션을 변경할 때 유용합니다.
- 4.28 (mount 작업, 디스크 분할)
[root@nc7 ~]# mount -r /dev/cdrom /media/ - virtualbox 저장소에서 iso 이미지 파일 연결 후 실행
[root@nc7 ~]# df /media/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sr0 52M 52M 0 100% /media
[root@nc7 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev
tmpfs 982M 0 982M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 393M 5.5M 388M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-root 12G 2.6G 9.5G 21% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 184M 831M 19% /boot
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-home 5.0G 68M 5.0G 2% /home
tmpfs 197M 4.0K 197M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-data 10G 125M 9.9G 2% /data
/dev/sr0 52M 52M 0 100% /media - 자동 마운트
[root@nc7 ~]# cd /media/
[root@nc7 /media]# ls
AUTORUN.INF VBoxDarwinAdditions.pkg VBoxWindowsAdditions-amd64.exe cert
NT3x VBoxDarwinAdditionsUninstall.tool VBoxWindowsAdditions-x86.exe runasroot.sh
OS2 VBoxLinuxAdditions.run VBoxWindowsAdditions.exe windows11-bypass.reg
TRANS.TBL VBoxSolarisAdditions.pkg autorun.sh
[root@nc7 /media]# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Verifying archive integrity... 100% MD5 checksums are OK. All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 7.0.8 Guest Additions for Linux 100%
bzip2 not found. Please install: bzip2 tar; and try again.
- bzip2 의존성 에러 출력
[root@nc7 /media]# di bzip2 - 설치
Last metadata expiration check: 2:43:43 ago on Thu Apr 27 13:04:53 2023.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
================================================================================================================
Installing:
bzip2 x86_64 1.0.8-8.el9 baseos 52 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 52 k
Installed size: 94 k
Downloading Packages:
bzip2-1.0.8-8.el9.x86_64.rpm 581 kB/s | 52 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 70 kB/s | 52 kB 00:00
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : bzip2-1.0.8-8.el9.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: bzip2-1.0.8-8.el9.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : bzip2-1.0.8-8.el9.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
bzip2-1.0.8-8.el9.x86_64
Complete!
[root@nc7 /media]# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run - 다시 실행
Verifying archive integrity... 100% MD5 checksums are OK. All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 7.0.8 Guest Additions for Linux 100%
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-7.0.8/bin/VBoxClient: error while loading shared libraries: libXt.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-7.0.8/bin/VBoxClient: error while loading shared libraries: libXt.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Starting.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Setting up modules
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel
modules. This may take a while.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: To build modules for other installed kernels, run
VirtualBox Guest Additions: /sbin/rcvboxadd quicksetup <version>
VirtualBox Guest Additions: or
VirtualBox Guest Additions: /sbin/rcvboxadd quicksetup all
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Kernel headers not found for target kernel
5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1.x86_64. Please install them and execute
/sbin/rcvboxadd setup
VirtualBox Guest Additions: reloading kernel modules and services
cannot verify if kernel modules and services were reloaded
The log file /var/log/vboxadd-setup.log may contain further information.
[root@nc7 /media]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev
tmpfs 982M 0 982M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 393M 5.5M 388M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-root 12G 2.6G 9.5G 22% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 184M 831M 19% /boot
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-home 5.0G 68M 5.0G 2% /home
tmpfs 197M 4.0K 197M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/rl_nc7-data 10G 125M 9.9G 2% /data
/dev/sr0 52M 52M 0 100% /media
[root@nc7 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.4).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
This disk is currently in use - repartitioning is probably a bad idea.
It's recommended to umount all file systems, and swapoff all swap
partitions on this disk.
Command (m for help): m
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help): l
00 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
01 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
02 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
03 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden or c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
04 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
05 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
06 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
07 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
08 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
09 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
0a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
0b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
0c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi ea Linux extended
0e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD eb BeOS fs
0f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ee GPT
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f1 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f4 SpeedStor
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ f2 DOS secondary
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fb VMware VMFS
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fc VMware VMKCORE
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fd Linux raid auto
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bc Acronis FAT32 L fe LANstep
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
Aliases:
linux - 83
swap - 82
extended - 05
uefi - EF
raid - FD
lvm - 8E
linuxex - 85
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 62914559 60815360 29G 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-62914559, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-62914559, default 62914559): +1G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Partition #1 contains a xfs signature.
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y
The signature will be removed by a write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 1 will be wiped.
Command (m for help): d -삭제
Partition number (1-5, default 5): 4
Partition 4 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6293504 16779263 10485760 5G 83 Linux
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 1 will be wiped.
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 2 will be wiped.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-62914559, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-62914559, default 62914559): +1G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Partition #1 contains a xfs signature.
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: p
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: n
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (2099200-62914559, default 2099200):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-62914559, default 62914559): +2G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Partition #2 contains a LVM2_member signature.
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y
The signature will be removed by a write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 2 will be wiped.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3
First sector (6293504-62914559, default 6293504):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (6293504-62914559, default 62914559): +10G
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6293504 27265023 20971520 10G 83 Linux
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 2 will be wiped.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default e): p
Selected partition 4
First sector (27265024-62914559, default 27265024):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (27265024-62914559, default 62914559):
Created a new partition 4 of type 'Linux' and of size 17 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6293504 27265023 20971520 10G 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 27265024 62914559 35649536 17G 83 Linux
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 2 will be wiped.
Command (m for help): n
To create more partitions, first replace a primary with an extended partition.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4, default 4): 1
Partition 1 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default e): p
Selected partition 1
First sector (2048-2099199, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-2099199, default 2099199):
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Partition #1 contains a xfs signature.
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: n
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4, default 4): 4
Partition 4 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default e): e
Selected partition 4
First sector (27265024-62914559, default 27265024):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (27265024-62914559, default 62914559):
Created a new partition 4 of type 'Extended' and of size 17 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6293504 27265023 20971520 10G 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 27265024 62914559 35649536 17G 5 Extended
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 2 will be wiped.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use.
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (27267072-62914559, default 27267072):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (27267072-62914559, default 62914559): +2G
Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Partition #5 contains a xfs signature.
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y
The signature will be removed by a write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6293504 27265023 20971520 10G 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 27265024 62914559 35649536 17G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 27267072 31461375 4194304 2G 83 Linux
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 2 will be wiped.
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 5 will be wiped.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use.
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (31463424-62914559, default 31463424):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (31463424-62914559, default 62914559): +2G
Created a new partition 6 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use.
Adding logical partition 7
First sector (35659776-62914559, default 35659776):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (35659776-62914559, default 62914559): +2G
Created a new partition 7 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6293504 27265023 20971520 10G 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 27265024 62914559 35649536 17G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 27267072 31461375 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 31463424 35657727 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 35659776 39854079 4194304 2G 83 Linux
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 2 will be wiped.
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 5 will be wiped.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use.
Adding logical partition 8
First sector (39856128-62914559, default 39856128):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (39856128-62914559, default 62914559): +13G
Value out of range.
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (39856128-62914559, default 62914559): +12G
Value out of range.
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (39856128-62914559, default 62914559): +11G
Value out of range.
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (39856128-62914559, default 62914559): +10G
Created a new partition 8 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 30 GiB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf458a236
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6293504 27265023 20971520 10G 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 27265024 62914559 35649536 17G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 27267072 31461375 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 31463424 35657727 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 35659776 39854079 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 39856128 60827647 20971520 10G 83 Linux
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 2 will be wiped.
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 5 will be wiped.- 4.30
sudo 설정 방법(임시방편)
- 계정 생성 및 wheel 그룹에 포함시키기
[root@itbank ~]# useradd admin -G wheel- visudo (/etc/sudoers 편집)
[root@itbank ~]# visudo
(vi에서)
98ggx 101ggx (98번째 줄의 주석 해제, 101번째 줄의 주석 해제)
:wq (저장 및 종료)- 내용 확인 - 일단 임시적으로 wheel 그룹으로 포함
[root@itbank ~]# cat -n /etc/sudoers | head -101 | tail -5
97 ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
98 %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
99
100 ## Same thing without a password
101 %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL```
root@nc7:~# useradd k1
root@nc7:~# passwd k1
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
root@nc7:~# nl /etc/passwd -4
29 smmta:x:109:114:Mail Transfer Agent,,,:/var/lib/sendmail:/usr/sbin/nologin
30 smmsp:x:110:115:Mail Submission Program,,,:/var/lib/sendmail:/usr/sbin/nologin
31 tomcat:x:999:999:Apache Tomcat:/var/lib/tomcat:/usr/sbin/nologin
32 k1:x:1001:1001::/home/k1:/bin/sh - 생성 확인
root@nc7:~# ls /home/
j lost+found
root@nc7:~# tail -3 /etc/passwd - 끝 3자리만 출력
smmsp:x:110:115:Mail Submission Program,,,:/var/lib/sendmail:/usr/sbin/nologin
tomcat:x:999:999:Apache Tomcat:/var/lib/tomcat:/usr/sbin/nologin
k1:x:1001:1001::/home/k1:/bin/sh
root@nc7:~# apt list | wc -l - 설치한 목록 갯수 확인
WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.
74288
root@nc7:~# uname -r - 커널 화깅
5.15.0-71-generic
root@nc7:~# ls /boot/
System.map-5.15.0-71-generic grub initrd.img-5.15.0-71-generic lost+found vmlinuz-5.15.0-71-generic
config-5.15.0-71-generic initrd.img initrd.img.old vmlinuz vmlinuz.old
root@nc7:~# file /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-71-generic - 버전 정보 확인
/boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-71-generic: Linux kernel x86 boot executable bzImage, version 5.15.0-71-generic (buildd@lcy02-amd64-044) #78-Ubuntu SMP Tue Apr 18 09:00:29 UTC 2023, RO-rootFS, swap_dev 0XB, Normal VGA
root@nc7:~# adduser k2
Adding user `k2' ...
Adding new group `k2' (1002) ...
Adding new user `k2' (1002) with group `k2' ...
Creating home directory `/home/k2' ...
Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
└> skeleton
root@nc7:~# adduser k2
Adding user `k2' ...
Adding new group `k2' (1002) ...
Adding new user `k2' (1002) with group `k2' ...
Creating home directory `/home/k2' ...
Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
Changing the user information for k2
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
Full Name []: il
Room Number []: 501
Work Phone []: 010-1234-5678
Home Phone []: 010-1234-6788
Other []: 010-1234-5678
Is the information correct? [Y/n] y
root@nc7:~# ls /home/
j k2 lost+found
root@nc7:~# tail -3 /etc/passwd
tomcat:x:999:999:Apache Tomcat:/var/lib/tomcat:/usr/sbin/nologin
k1:x:1001:1001::/home/k1:/bin/sh
k2:x:1002:1002:il,501,010-1234-5678,010-1234-6788,010-1234-5678:/home/k2:/bin/bash
k2(계정 명 ): x: 1002: 1002: il,501,010-1234-5678,010-1234-6788,010-1234-5678: /home/k2: /bin/bash
> 차이점 확인
k1
$ echo $SHELL
/bin/sh
$ echo ~
/home/k1
$ pwd
/
$ mkdir /home/k1 - 본인이 직접 생성 x = root 에서 생성해야함
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘/home/k1’: Permission denied
$ echo $SHELL
/bin/sh
$ echo ~ - 생성된 모습
/home/k1
k2
k2@nc7:~$ pwd
/home/k2
k2@nc7:~$ echo $SHELL
/bin/bash
k2@nc7:~$ echo ~
/home/k2
(재접속)
k1@nc7:~$ echo ~
/home/k1
k1@nc7:~$ echo $SHELL - 바뀐거 확인
/bin/bash
> 차이점 확인
k1@nc7:~$ ls -al
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:15 .
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:15 ..
------------------------------------------------
k2@nc7:~$ ls -al
total 28
drwxr-x--- 3 k2 k2 4096 Apr 28 10:13 .
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:15 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 k2 k2 220 Apr 28 10:10 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 k2 k2 3771 Apr 28 10:10 .bashrc
drwx------ 2 k2 k2 4096 Apr 28 10:13 .cache
-rw-r--r-- 1 k2 k2 2078 Apr 28 10:10 .kshrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 k2 k2 807 Apr 28 10:10 .profile
k2@nc7:~$ fallocate -l 3.5G a2 - 파일 생성
k2@nc7:~$
k2@nc7:~$ ls -Al
total 3670040
-rw-r--r-- 1 k2 k2 220 Apr 28 10:10 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 k2 k2 3771 Apr 28 10:10 .bashrc
drwx------ 2 k2 k2 4096 Apr 28 10:13 .cache
-rw-r--r-- 1 k2 k2 2078 Apr 28 10:10 .kshrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 k2 k2 807 Apr 28 10:10 .profile
-rw-rw-r-- 1 k2 k2 3758096384 Apr 28 10:29 a2
k2@nc7:~$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs 198M 804K 197M 1% /run
/dev/sda4 12G 3.8G 7.4G 34% /
tmpfs 988M 0 988M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
/dev/sda5 4.9G 3.6G 1.1G 77% /home
/dev/sda6 9.8G 24K 9.3G 1% /data
/dev/sda2 974M 130M 777M 15% /boot
tmpfs 198M 4.0K 198M 1% /run/user/1000
tmpfs 198M 4.0K 198M 1% /run/user/1001
tmpfs 198M 4.0K 198M 1% /run/user/1002
k2@nc7:~$ du -sh ~
3.6G /home/k2
------------------------------------
root@nc7:~# useradd - root 권한의 최대
Usage: useradd [options] LOGIN
useradd -D
useradd -D [options]
Options:
--badnames do not check for bad names
-b, --base-dir BASE_DIR base directory for the home directory of the
new account
--btrfs-subvolume-home use BTRFS subvolume for home directory
-c, --comment COMMENT GECOS field of the new account
-d, --home-dir HOME_DIR home directory of the new account
-D, --defaults print or change default useradd configuration
-e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE expiration date of the new account
-f, --inactive INACTIVE password inactivity period of the new account
-g, --gid GROUP name or ID of the primary group of the new
account
-G, --groups GROUPS list of supplementary groups of the new
account
-h, --help display this help message and exit
-k, --skel SKEL_DIR use this alternative skeleton directory
-K, --key KEY=VALUE override /etc/login.defs defaults
-l, --no-log-init do not add the user to the lastlog and
faillog databases
-m, --create-home create the user's home directory
-M, --no-create-home do not create the user's home directory
-N, --no-user-group do not create a group with the same name as
the user
-o, --non-unique allow to create users with duplicate
(non-unique) UID
-p, --password PASSWORD encrypted password of the new account
-r, --system create a system account
-R, --root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into
-P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR prefix directory where are located the /etc/* files
-s, --shell SHELL login shell of the new account
-u, --uid UID user ID of the new account
-U, --user-group create a group with the same name as the user
-Z, --selinux-user SEUSER use a specific SEUSER for the SELinux user mapping
--extrausers Use the extra users database
-- root에서만 가능한 useradd 옵션들
root@nc7:~# useradd -D - default 값
GROUP=100
HOME=/home
INACTIVE=-1
EXPIRE=
SHELL=/bin/sh
SKEL=/etc/skel
CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=no
root@nc7:~# nl /etc/default/useradd
1 # Default values for useradd(8)
2 #
3 # The SHELL variable specifies the default login shell on your
4 # system.
5 # Similar to DSHELL in adduser. However, we use "sh" here because
6 # useradd is a low level utility and should be as general
7 # as possible
8 SHELL=/bin/sh - shell 연결 확인
9 #
10 # The default group for users
11 # 100=users on Debian systems
12 # Same as USERS_GID in adduser
13 # This argument is used when the -n flag is specified.
14 # The default behavior (when -n and -g are not specified) is to create a
15 # primary user group with the same name as the user being added to the
16 # system.
17 # GROUP=100
18 #
19 # The default home directory. Same as DHOME for adduser
20 # HOME=/home
21 #
22 # The number of days after a password expires until the account
23 # is permanently disabled
24 # INACTIVE=-1
25 #
26 # The default expire date
27 # EXPIRE=
28 #
29 # The SKEL variable specifies the directory containing "skeletal" user
30 # files; in other words, files such as a sample .profile that will be
31 # copied to the new user's home directory when it is created.
32 # SKEL=/etc/skel
33 #
34 # Defines whether the mail spool should be created while
35 # creating the account
36 # CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes
root@nc7:~# vi /etc/login.defs
13 CREATE_HOME yes -추가
root@nc7:~# useradd k3
root@nc7:~# passwd k3
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
root@nc7:~# mkdir /etc/skel/TTT
root@nc7:~# date > /etc/skel/a1
root@nc7:~# useradd k4
root@nc7:~# passwd k4
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
$ pwd - k4로 접속했을시 정상적으로 실행되었음을 확인
/home/k4
$ ls
TTT a1
$
rot@nc7:~# finger k1
Login: k1 Name:
Directory: /home/k1 Shell: /bin/bash
On since Fri Apr 28 10:18 (KST) on pts/7 from 10.0.2.2
34 minutes 24 seconds idle
No mail.
No Plan.
root@nc7:~# finger k2
Login: k2 Name: il
Directory: /home/k2 Shell: /bin/bash
Office: 501, 010-1234-5678 Home Phone: 010-1234-6788
On since Fri Apr 28 10:13 (KST) on pts/6 from 10.0.2.2
24 minutes 17 seconds idle
No mail.
No Plan.
root@nc7:~# chfn k1 - 사용자 정보 입력하기
Changing the user information for k1
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
Full Name []: ilil
Room Number []:
Work Phone []:
Home Phone []:
Other []:
root@nc7:~#
root@nc7:~# finger k1
Login: k1 Name: ilil
Directory: /home/k1 Shell: /bin/bash
On since Fri Apr 28 10:18 (KST) on pts/7 from 10.0.2.2
35 minutes 13 seconds idle
No mail.
No Plan.
root@nc7:~# useradd -D - default 값
GROUP=100
HOME=/home
INACTIVE=-1
EXPIRE=
SHELL=/bin/sh
SKEL=/etc/skel
CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=no
root@nc7:~# usermod -L k4
login as: k4 - user에게 LOCK이 정상적으로 걸림
k4@127.0.0.1's password:
Access denied
k4@127.0.0.1's password:
Access denied
k4@127.0.0.1's password:
k4@127.0.0.1's password:
root@nc7:~# usermod -U k4 -정상적으로 로그인
Welcome to Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.15.0-71-generic x86_64)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
This system has been minimized by removing packages and content that are
not required on a system that users do not log into.
To restore this content, you can run the 'unminimize' command.
Last login: Fri Apr 28 10:38:12 2023 from 10.0.2.2
$
root@nc7:~# userdel -r k1 - 로그인 되어있기에 삭제 불가
userdel: user k1 is currently used by process 1388
root@nc7:~# userdel -r k1
userdel: k1 mail spool (/var/mail/k1) not found
userdel: /home/k1 not owned by k1, not removing
root@nc7:~# tail -4 /etc/passwd - 정상적으로 삭제가 되었음을 확인
tomcat:x:999:999:Apache Tomcat:/var/lib/tomcat:/usr/sbin/nologin
k2:x:1002:1002:il,501,010-1234-5678,010-1234-6788,010-1234-5678:/home/k2:/bin/bash
k3:x:1003:1003::/home/k3:/bin/sh
k4:x:1004:1004::/home/k4:/bin/sh
root@nc7:~# nl /etc/passwd
1 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
2 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
3 bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
,,,
33 k3:x:1003:1003::/home/k3:/bin/sh
34 k4:x:1004:1004::/home/k4:/bin/sh
root@nc7:~# userdel k2
root@nc7:~# nl /etc/shadow
1 root:*:19405:0:99999:7:::
2 daemon:*:19405:0:99999:7:::
3 bin:*:19405:0:99999:7:::
,,,
25 sshd:*:19405:0:99999:7:::
26 usbmux:*:19474:0:99999:7:::
27 j:$6$E4UXUc2NC9Kgi7Xy$yvINee0CkMy4OwkjLbNOrWvHJCCyTApxN0tsaWWEkAWdGq91RkTdvwZggUMv5T95qhY.7qnfpi0e8nBU/hSdD0:19474:0:99999:7:::
28 mysql:!:19474:0:99999:7:::
29 smmta:*:19474:0:99999:7:::
30 smmsp:*:19474:0:99999:7:::
31 tomcat:!*:19474::::::
32 k3:$y$j9T$K7t0u9gefb7WRq1p2e1zR/$ZjGCYw1TR8qRnSimDrbgn.YRXUs4XkYrCoeVgF67iJB:19475:0:99999:7:::
33 k4:$y$j9T$AGhLfZDmkYwqBqN4SA8mk/$ziqhfFodOri/ArZXv5xvl1iYF4cj76nloWFhfK67hbB:19475:0:99999:7:::
root@nc7:~# pwunconv
https://starrykss.tistory.com/1639
root@nc7:~# nl /etc/shadow - 열림 해제
nl: /etc/shadow: No such file or directory
root@nc7:~# nl /etc/passwd | tail -5
29 smmta:*:109:114:Mail Transfer Agent,,,:/var/lib/sendmail:/usr/sbin/nologin
30 smmsp:*:110:115:Mail Submission Program,,,:/var/lib/sendmail:/usr/sbin/nologin
31 tomcat:!*:999:999:Apache Tomcat:/var/lib/tomcat:/usr/sbin/nologin
32 k3:$y$j9T$K7t0u9gefb7WRq1p2e1zR/$ZjGCYw1TR8qRnSimDrbgn.YRXUs4XkYrCoeVgF67iJB:1003:1003::/home/k3:/bin/sh
33 k4:$y$j9T$AGhLfZDmkYwqBqN4SA8mk/$ziqhfFodOri/ArZXv5xvl1iYF4cj76nloWFhfK67hbB:1004:1004::/home/k4:/bin/sh
vi /etc/default/useradd
8 SHELL=/bin/sh
vi etc/login.defs
2 # /etc/login.defs - Configuration control definitions for the login package.
35 MAIL_DIR /var/mail - 메일 정리 함
36 #MAIL_FILE .mail- 5.02
root@nc7
15:03:23:/etc/bind# kbs="asdfasdfasdfasdfa"
root@nc7
15:03:31:/etc/bind# echo $kbs
asdfasdfasdfasdfa
root@nc7
15:03:43:/etc/bind# echo $kbs_awerwer
asdfasdfasdfasdfa - "awerwer" 실행 x
root@nc7
15:03:47:/etc/bind# echo ${kbs}_awerwer - {}로 변수 선언
asdfasdfasdfasdfa_awerwer - 출력되는 모습
☁️ 좋아요!