MCMC and its diagnostics

Junha Park·2022년 12월 5일
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Bayesian Statistics

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텍스트### 1. Markov chain monte carlo(MCMC)

  • Construct a markov chain whose stationary distribution = π\pi to draw samples from target distribution π\pi.
  • Running a markov chain leads to sampling from target distribution
  • Ergoic markov chain has unique stationary distribution
  • Bayesian inference can be done on markov chain samples, even when the posterior distribution is intractable.
  • Definition of markov chain: P(X(t+1)X(0),...,X(t))=P(X(t+1)X(t))P(X^{(t+1)}|X^{(0)}, ..., X^{(t)})=P(X^{(t+1)}|X^{(t)})
  • Transition probability: Pij(t)=p(X(t+1)=jX(t)=i)P_{ij}^{(t)} = p(X^{(t+1)}=j|X^{(t)}=i), time homogeneous condition: PijP_{ij} is constant
  • π\pi is a stationary distribution if πj=iXπiPij,i.e.πTP=πT\pi_{j} = \sum_{i\in X}\pi_iP_{ij}, i.e. \pi^TP=\pi^T

2. Metropolis-Hastings algorithm

  • Metropolis-Hastings algorithm can be utilized even if we only know the kernel of the target distribution.
  • Acceptance criterion is designed to meet the detailed balance condition
  • Symmetric proposal density, extremely we can utilize uniform distribution of Bernoulli(0.5) for some special variables. Usually normal proposal density is utilized(random walk metropolis samples with a symmetric normal proposal).
  • Practical issues
    • Burn-in(discard first several samples to remove the effect caused by the arbitrary starting point)
    • Thinning(only select Mth sample to obtain independent samples)

3. Gibbs Sampler

  • Gibbs Sampler can be utilized when we know the full conditional distribution of target distribution.
  • Fixed-scan draw is similar to gibbs sampler, while Metropolis-Hastings style acceptance criterion is added for each sequential parameter draw process.

4. Diagnostic methods and Practical issues

  • Burn-in, Thinning
  • Metropolis-hastings algorithm: random walk sampler, step size also should be tuned
    • Step size can be tuned separately for multivariate cases, but step size also can be tuned adaptively
    • q(θn)=N(θn,Σn)q(\cdot|\theta_n) = \mathcal{N}(\theta_n, \Sigma_n) where Σn\Sigma_n is a sample covariance matrix using posterior samples up to nth iteration
    • Adaptive updates should be stopped in some N<\infty iteration
  • To remove intial value effect, you can utilize burn-in or try MLE estimate as an intial value, or try different initial values and run chains separately

[Diagnostic Methods]

  • TS plot
  • Density plot
  • Autocrrelation function(ACF plot)
  • Effective sample size
  • Gelman-rubin statistic(ANOVA test-like statistic)
  • Remark: If autocorrelation remains high, we should consider thinning to increase effective sample size... Figure below is fine.
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