In recent years, spurred on by the development and availablity of programmable NICs, end hosts have increasingly become the enforcement point for core network functions such as load balancing, congestion control, and application specific network offloads (in enterprise and datacenter networks).
NIC (Network Interface Card)
- Data를 서버네트워크의 케이블이나 무선 라우터를 사용하여 통신하는 디지털 신호로 변환
- TCP/IP 계층의 인터페이스로 NIC는 물리적 계층의 신호를 전송하고 네트워크 계층에서 패킷을 전송
버스 인터페이스 유형별 분류:
- ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) : IBM 표준과 호환되는 버스 구조
- PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
- 1993년에 도입된 PC 로컬 버스 표준
- ISA의 최고 속도는 33MB/s에 불과하지만 현재 PCI 64비트 데이터 전송 속도는 266MB/s
- 처음에는 서버에서 사용되며 나중에 데스크톱 컴퓨터에서도 일반적으로 사용 - PCI-X : 기존 PCI와 비교하여 I/O 속도가 32배 빨라졌으며 데이터 전송 속도도 PCI 인터페이스보다 빠름
- PCle : PCIe 카드는 PCIe 포트가 있는 NIC로 마더보드 연결을 위한 확장 포트로 사용됩니다.
PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)
PCIe is a serial expansion bus interconnection method which is use for high speed communication.
It transfers the data between the internal hardware of the computer (CPU and RAM) and peripheral devices.
Devices are ready to communicate with the PCs but due to defferent bandwith with PC units they will not share the same bus. To communicate with the multiple devices, PCIe use switches for established the connection. PCIe switches works as an endpoint and this endpoint can connects with multiple PCI switches.
High transfer rate is achieved by the data bus which is used in computer.
PCIe is a packet based protocol in which the packet contains the address and the data. The bridge forward a packet to the targeted devices.
The PCIe bus is a serial bus which works on the three different layer(Physical layer, Data link layer, and the Transaction layer).
The CPU will access the root complex in order to configure the IP and CPU will also configure the different endpoint with the help of root complex. We can attach many PCIe endpoints with the root complex with the help of PCIe Switches. Theses different components wil communicate between the CPU or Memory and peripheral devices through the PCI express expansion bus.
Features of PCIe
✔ Switches can be used to connect a large number of PCIe devices in a system.
✔ QoS features provide differentiated transmission performance for varied applications.
✔ Hot Plug / Hot Swap support enables "always-on" systems.
✔ Advanced power management features allow for low-power (mobile) applications.
✔ Robust error detection and handling features make PCIe ideal for high-end server applications.
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https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pawan-Dahiya/publication/318360748_PCIe_BUS_A_State-of-the-Art-Review/links/59660e3ba6fdcc85dd3ba004/PCIe-BUS-A-State-of-the-Art-Review.pdf
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https://www.mindshare.com/files/resources/MindShare_Intro_to_PCIe.pdf
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https://www.fibermall.com/ko/blog/network-adapter-nics-function-construction-classification.htm
