swap
- device swap <- 지금은 이것만 사용
- 파티셔닝을 하고, 파티셔닝된 디스크에 mkswap을 통해 swap을 만든다.
- 그 후, swapon을 통해 swap을 활성화 한다.
- file swap
- psudo swap
@@VM
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 243550a7-03de-42be-a6f4-726a8ea2a6ce /white
├─sda2
├─sda5 ext4 571a7ee6-2340-4337-8741-10aae94af0fb /black
└─sda6
sdb
└─sdb2
vda
├─vda1 xfs 0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot
└─vda2 LVM2_member CFDwnt-NM58-A0Gj-sTQy-iCPE-EsRc-iqIAyb
├─cl-root xfs 999a2a08-42a2-4cbc-a52c-3544d87d2897 /
└─cl-swap swap faab5b3c-984a-4a82-a139-92d1b706f013 [SWAP]
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 291836 KiB
no label, UUID=7fe3d0ac-3d51-4f17-868d-c3d428306179
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 243550a7-03de-42be-a6f4-726a8ea2a6ce /white
├─sda2
├─sda5 ext4 571a7ee6-2340-4337-8741-10aae94af0fb /black
└─sda6
sdb
└─sdb2 swap 7fe3d0ac-3d51-4f17-868d-c3d428306179
vda
├─vda1 xfs 0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot
└─vda2 LVM2_member CFDwnt-NM58-A0Gj-sTQy-iCPE-EsRc-iqIAyb
├─cl-root xfs 999a2a08-42a2-4cbc-a52c-3544d87d2897 /
└─cl-swap swap faab5b3c-984a-4a82-a139-92d1b706f013 [SWAP]
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -1
[root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/sdb2
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -1
/dev/sdb2 partition 291836 0 -2
> 물리컴퓨터
[root@station14 ~]# ssh yoni@192.168.122.108
The authenticity of host '192.168.122.108 (192.168.122.108)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is d3:2b:d4:c6:8a:41:dd:d3:ea:00:87:33:f7:69:94:4e.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.122.108' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
Welcome
yoni@192.168.122.108's password:
Last login: Thu Apr 13 14:03:05 2023 from localhost
[yoni@localhost ~]$ cd /white
[yoni@localhost white]$ ll
total 0
[yoni@localhost white]$
> VM
[root@localhost ~]# umount /white
umount: /white: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@localhost ~]# fuser -cu /white
/white: 2496c(yoni)
[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep 2496
yoni 2496 2495 0 10:11 pts/1 00:00:00 -bash
root 2588 2144 0 10:14 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto 2496
[root@localhost ~]# lsof /white/
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
bash 2496 yoni cwd DIR 8,1 6 64 /white
> kill-9 pid or fuser -kcu /white (kill시킴)
[root@localhost ~]# fuser -kcu /white
/white: 2496c(yoni)
> umount 후 확인
[root@localhost ~]# umount /white
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 4.7G 13G 28% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
/dev/sda5 190M 1.6M 175M 1% /black
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 16K 396M 1% /run/user/0
> label 붙이기
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 243550a7-03de-42be-a6f4-726a8ea2a6ce
├─sda2
├─sda5 ext4 571a7ee6-2340-4337-8741-10aae94af0fb /black
└─sda6
sdb
└─sdb2 swap 7fe3d0ac-3d51-4f17-868d-c3d428306179 [SWAP]
vda
├─vda1 xfs 0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot
└─vda2 LVM2_member CFDwnt-NM58-A0Gj-sTQy-iCPE-EsRc-iqIAyb
├─cl-root xfs 999a2a08-42a2-4cbc-a52c-3544d87d2897 /
└─cl-swap swap faab5b3c-984a-4a82-a139-92d1b706f013 [SWAP능
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_admin -L white_disk /dev/sda1
writing all SBs
new label = "white_disk"
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs white_disk 243550a7-03de-42be-a6f4-726a8ea2a6ce
├─sda2
├─sda5 ext4 571a7ee6-2340-4337-8741-10aae94af0fb /black
└─sda6
sdb
└─sdb2 swap 7fe3d0ac-3d51-4f17-868d-c3d428306179 [SWAP]
vda
├─vda1 xfs 0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot
└─vda2 LVM2_member CFDwnt-NM58-A0Gj-sTQy-iCPE-EsRc-iqIAyb
├─cl-root xfs 999a2a08-42a2-4cbc-a52c-3544d87d2897 /
└─cl-swap swap faab5b3c-984a-4a82-a139-92d1b706f013 [SWAP]
[root@localhost ~]# e2label /dev/sda5 b_disk
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs white_disk 243550a7-03de-42be-a6f4-726a8ea2a6ce
├─sda2
├─sda5 ext4 b_disk 571a7ee6-2340-4337-8741-10aae94af0fb /black
└─sda6
sdb
└─sdb2 swap 7fe3d0ac-3d51-4f17-868d-c3d428306179 [SWAP]
vda
├─vda1 xfs 0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot
└─vda2 LVM2_member CFDwnt-NM58-A0Gj-sTQy-iCPE-EsRc-iqIAyb
├─cl-root xfs 999a2a08-42a2-4cbc-a52c-3544d87d2897 /
└─cl-swap swap faab5b3c-984a-4a82-a139-92d1b706f013 [SWAP]
> mount 장치명 디렉토리 대신, mount 라벨명 디렉토리 가능
[root@localhost ~]# mount LABEL=white_disk /white
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 4.7G 13G 28% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
/dev/sda5 190M 1.6M 175M 1% /black
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 16K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/sda1 297M 16M 282M 6% /white
> 파일 시스템의 속성
root@localhost ~]# xfs_info /dev/sda1
meta-data=/dev/sda1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=19200 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=76800, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=855, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
> tune2fs : 파일시스템 튜닝
– 특정 파일시스템의 수퍼블록정보 확인하기
– dumpe2fs 명령어를 사용한 것과 동일한 결과를 출력함.
[root@localhost ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda5
tune2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem volume name: b_disk
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: 571a7ee6-2340-4337-8741-10aae94af0fb
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 51200
Block count: 204800
Reserved block count: 10240
Free blocks: 192685
Free inodes: 51189
First block: 1
Block size: 1024
Fragment size: 1024
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 256
Blocks per group: 8192
Fragments per group: 8192
Inodes per group: 2048
Inode blocks per group: 256
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Apr 14 16:44:01 2023
Last mount time: Mon Apr 17 09:57:01 2023
Last write time: Mon Apr 17 10:21:18 2023
Mount count: 4
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Apr 14 16:44:01 2023
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 11 MB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 128
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: a6b9914f-0200-411a-9f6a-b621027224d4
Journal backup: inode blocks
> umount 상태에서 파일 시스템 체크 가능
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_repair /dev/sda1
xfs_repair: /dev/sda1 contains a mounted filesystem
xfs_repair: /dev/sda1 contains a mounted and writable filesystem
fatal error -- couldn't initialize XFS library
[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/sda1
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_repair /dev/sda1
Phase 1 - find and verify superblock...
Phase 2 - using internal log
- zero log...
- scan filesystem freespace and inode maps...
- found root inode chunk
Phase 3 - for each AG...
- scan and clear agi unlinked lists...
- process known inodes and perform inode discovery...
- agno = 0
- agno = 1
- agno = 2
- agno = 3
- process newly discovered inodes...
Phase 4 - check for duplicate blocks...
- setting up duplicate extent list...
- check for inodes claiming duplicate blocks...
- agno = 0
- agno = 1
- agno = 2
- agno = 3
Phase 5 - rebuild AG headers and trees...
- reset superblock...
Phase 6 - check inode connectivity...
- resetting contents of realtime bitmap and summary inodes
- traversing filesystem ...
- traversal finished ...
- moving disconnected inodes to lost+found ...
Phase 7 - verify and correct link counts...
done
[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/sda5
[root@localhost ~]# e2fsck /dev/sda5
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
b_disk: clean, 11/51200 files, 12115/204800 blocks
> XFS filesystem 명령어
xfs_repair : 파일 시스템 체크
xfs_growfs : 파일 시스템 사이즈 늘릴 때
> 파티션을 나누는 행위 -> 확장 가능성이 떨어짐
백업 후 unmount, 파티션 뿌수고 (fdisk, parted 등), 파티션 확장, mount, 다시 복구 등...
=> LVM을 통해 유용하게 디스크를 관리하자!
LVM
LVM의 핵심 키워드
- PV (Physical Volumes)
- 찰흙 덩어리 하나
- 즉, 물리적인 디스크 덩어리
- 이 PV를 모아 모아서, 커다란 덩어리로 만들 수 있음 => VG
- VG (Volume Groups)
- PV를 조합하여 VG 큰 덩어리
- LV (Logical Volumes)
- VG에서 얼마만큼 떼어내서 디스크 영역을 만드는 것이 LV
- Extent
- 초콜렛에서 잘라 먹기 편하도록 금이 가있음
- 즉, LVM의 관리 및 용량 할당의 최소 단위를 의미함
- Extent의 기본 값: 4MB (옛날 디스크 기본 값으로, 요즘은 주로 2^n 값을 사용)
- VG(volume groups) 만들 때, 사용한다. (세팅한다.)
- Logical Volume 쪽에서 바라보면, Logical Extents
- Physical Volume 쪽에서 바라보면, Physical Extents
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 1G 0 disk
sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk
vda 252:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─vda1 252:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─vda2 252:2 0 19G 0 part
├─cl-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /
└─cl-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sda" successfully created.
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay /dev/sda
"/dev/sda" is a new physical volume of "1.00 GiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda
VG Name
PV Size 1.00 GiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID 6vSBrl-LUJi-TyWx-jCH2-T0ND-DqHT-9sRLpq
> vgs : volume group 스캔
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0
> volume group create (test 라는 group에 sda와 sdb 덩어리를 이용해 VG 만들어 보자)
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate test /dev/sda /dev/sdb
Volume group "test" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0
test 2 0 0 wz--n- 1.99g 1.99g
> sda PV 를 확인해보면, test라는 VG에 할당됨을 확인 가능.
extent는 VG가 할당될 떄 할당됨. deafault가 4MB인 것 확인 가능.
[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay /dev/sda
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda
VG Name test
PV Size 1.00 GiB / not usable 4.00 MiB
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 255
Free PE 255
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID 6vSBrl-LUJi-TyWx-jCH2-T0ND-DqHT-9sRLpq
> test라는 VG 삭제 해보자
[root@localhost ~]# vgremove test
Volume group "test" successfully removed
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0
> vgcolor라는 VG 다시 생성해보는데 extent사이즈를 16MB로 해보자.
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate -s 16M vgcolor /dev/sda /dev/sdb
Volume group "vgcolor" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0
vgcolor 2 0 0 wz--n- 1.97g 1.97g
[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay /dev/sda
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda
VG Name vgcolor
PV Size 1.00 GiB / not usable 16.00 MiB
Allocatable yes
PE Size 16.00 MiB
Total PE 63
Free PE 63
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID 6vSBrl-LUJi-TyWx-jCH2-T0ND-DqHT-9sRLpq
> VG (volume group)에 대한 자세한 정보 출력
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay vgcolor
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vgcolor
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 1.97 GiB
PE Size 16.00 MiB
Total PE 126
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 126 / 1.97 GiB
VG UUID g2HQ8f-DUvm-g3B0-k7ea-LgvE-bM9E-0ZnGQ4
> vgcolor VG에서 원하는 만큼 떼어내서 Logical volume을 만들어보자.
LV (logical volume)
- lvcreat -L
- 850G와 같이 명확한 용량 사이즈 지정
- lvcreate -l
- % 지정 가능 (VG 용량 중 몇 % 를 LV로 만들겠다)
- extent 개수 지정 가능
- 850G와 같은 용량 사이즈 지정 가능
VG에서 원하는 만큼 떼어내서 Logical volume을 만들어보자.
> vgcolor VG에서 원하는 만큼 떼어내서 red라는 Logical volume을 만들어보자.
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 150M -n red vgcolor
Rounding up size to full physical extent 160.00 MiB
Logical volume "red" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
red vgcolor -wi-a----- 160.00m -----this one!!
> extent 20개 이므로, 16*20 = 320M
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -l 20 -n blue vgcolor
Logical volume "blue" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi-a----- 320.00m -----this one!!
red vgcolor -wi-a----- 160.00m
> %로 LV 할당해보자 (남아있는 VG중 20%)
root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -l 20%FREE vgcolor
Logical volume "lvol0" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi-a----- 320.00m
lvol0 vgcolor -wi-a----- 304.00m -----this one!!
red vgcolor -wi-a----- 160.00m
Two ways of reference a Logical Volume
1) computer : /dev/mapper/VGname-LVname
2) human : /dev/VGname/LVname
> lvdisplay를 통해 LV에 대한 자세한 정보 확인
> 1번
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay /dev/mapper/vgcolor-red
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vgcolor/red
LV Name red
VG Name vgcolor
LV UUID zUlKwe-fLDP-oZrd-LrlW-NfR7-2l6Z-vAaaX5
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-17 11:48:06 +0900
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 160.00 MiB
Current LE 10
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:2
> 2번
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vgcolor/red
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vgcolor/red
LV Name red
VG Name vgcolor
LV UUID zUlKwe-fLDP-oZrd-LrlW-NfR7-2l6Z-vAaaX5
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-17 11:48:06 +0900
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 160.00 MiB
Current LE 10
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:2
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Apr 13 10:19:58 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/etc/fstab
fields
1. Block device or remote directory : 파일 시스템 장치명
2. Mount point(directory) : 파일 시스템이 마운트 될 디렉토리 지정
3. Filesystem type (xfs | ext4 | swap) : 마운트 될 파일 시스템 종류
4. Extra mount option (defaults) : 파일 시스템 속성 설정
5. dump flag (0|1) : 0일 경우 백업하지 않음. 1일 경우 백업하는 파일 시스템
6. fsck order (0|1|2) : 루트 파일 시스템 점검 여부
(0: 부팅시 파일 시스템 점검 x, 1: 루트 파일 시스템으로 부팅 시 파일 시스템 점검, 2: 루트 파일 시스템 이외의 파일시스템으로서 부팅시 파일 시스템을 점검)
example
[root@localhost etc]# vi /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Apr 13 10:19:58 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sda1 /white xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/sda5 /black ext4 defaults 0 1red, blue, lvol0 각각 LV에 대해 마운트 및 파일시스템 설정
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs -t xfs /dev/vgcolor/red
meta-data=/dev/vgcolor/red isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=10240 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=40960, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=855, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vgcolor/blue
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Discarding device blocks: done
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
81920 inodes, 327680 blocks
16384 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=33947648
40 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vgcolor/lvol0
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 311292 KiB
no label, UUID=797747f9-0b22-44a5-a387-508153880d81
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda LVM2_member 6vSBrl-LUJi-TyWx-jCH2-T0ND-DqHT-9sRLpq
├─vgcolor-red xfs 94645283-d87d-498c-ad3a-9254c2164e91
├─vgcolor-blue ext4 9a5d046e-6d37-4af4-baaf-352f5f113f62
└─vgcolor-lvol0 swap 797747f9-0b22-44a5-a387-508153880d81
sdb LVM2_member 52XEkN-oWZY-anS8-W323-oPEd-0rnn-v0IX0O
sdc
vda
├─vda1 xfs 0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot
└─vda2 LVM2_member CFDwnt-NM58-A0Gj-sTQy-iCPE-EsRc-iqIAyb
├─cl-root xfs 999a2a08-42a2-4cbc-a52c-3544d87d2897 /
└─cl-swap swap faab5b3c-984a-4a82-a139-92d1b706f013 [SWAP]
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Apr 13 10:19:58 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red /red xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-blue /blue ext4 defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-lvol0 swap swap defaults 0 0
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Apr 13 10:19:58 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=0cab009d-2c67-4dc9-a881-c5efde97ed56 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/vgcolor/red /red xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/vgcolor/blue /blue ext4 defaults 0 0
/dev/vgcolor/lvol0 swap swap defaults 0 0
> mount 디렉토리 생성
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /red /blue
> /red, /blue에 mount
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
> mount 확인
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.8G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 8.0K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red 157M 8.2M 149M 6% /red --------this one!!
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-blue 302M 2.1M 280M 1% /blue --------this one!!
>swapon 활성화
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -1
/dev/dm-4 partition 311292 0 -2
Volume Group에 여유 공간이 부족하다면?
> red/에 bigfile 디렉토리를 만들겠다. 이때, block size가 10M인 것을 12개 파일을 urandom 난수 발생기를 통해 랜덤하게 만들겠다.
> 하지만 사이즈 여유공간이 부족하다면?
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.8G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red 157M 129M 29M 82% /red
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-blue 302M 2.1M 280M 1% /blue
> Volume Group에 충분한 여유공간이 있으면, 떼서 주면 된다.
But, 없다면 Volume Group에 Physical Volume을 기존 Volume Group에 더 붙이면 된다.(추가하면 된다.)
> vgcolor VG에 여유공간(vFREE) 확인해보니 1.20G 존재하나, 부족하다고 가정하고 늘려보자.
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0
vgcolor 2 3 0 wz--n- 1.97g 1.20g
> PV 확인 후, sdc PV 생성
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 224.00m
/dev/sdb vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 1008.00m
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created.
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 224.00m
/dev/sdb vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 1008.00m
/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
> vgcolor VG를 확장하겠다. (sdc를 이용하여)
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created.
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 224.00m
/dev/sdb vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 1008.00m
/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
[root@localhost ~]# vgextend vgcolor /dev/sdc
Volume group "vgcolor" successfully extended
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 224.00m
/dev/sdb vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 1008.00m
/dev/sdc vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 1008.00m
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0
vgcolor 3 3 0 wz--n- 2.95g 2.19g
> 이번엔 LV를 늘려보자. (size로 늘릴 수도 있고(-L), extent 개수로 늘릴 수도 있다.(-l))
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi-ao---- 320.00m
lvol0 vgcolor -wi-ao---- 304.00m
red vgcolor -wi-ao---- 160.00m
> 주의: 최종 증가되는 사이즈, 최종 증가되는 extent 개수를 기입해야함.
> red LV를 640M 사이즈로 늘림 (-L옵션) or lvextend -l 40 /dev/vgcolor/red(40*16M)
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L 640M /dev/vgcolor/red
Size of logical volume vgcolor/red changed from 160.00 MiB (10 extents) to 640.00 MiB (40 extents).
Logical volume vgcolor/red successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi-ao---- 320.00m
lvol0 vgcolor -wi-ao---- 304.00m
red vgcolor -wi-ao---- 640.00m
> 이번에는 blue LV를 늘려보자.
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -l 40 /dev/vgcolor/blue
Size of logical volume vgcolor/blue changed from 320.00 MiB (20 extents) to 640.00 MiB (40 extents).
Logical volume vgcolor/blue successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi-ao---- 640.00m
lvol0 vgcolor -wi-ao---- 304.00m
red vgcolor -wi-ao---- 640.00m
> df -h 확인: logical volume 사이즈만 늘렸지, 파일 시스템 사이즈를 늘린게 아니므로, 그대로이다.(즉, logical volume이 늘어났다고 그만큼 데이터가 저장될 수 없다. 파일 시스템도 그만큼 늘려주어야 한다.)
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red 157M 129M 29M 82% /red ----this check!!
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-blue 302M 2.1M 280M 1% /blue
> xfs 파일 포맷 확장 (/red)
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/vgcolor/red
meta-data=/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=10240 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=40960, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=855, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 40960 to 163840
> ext4 파일 포맷 확장(/blue)
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/vgcolor/blue
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem at /dev/vgcolor/blue is mounted on /blue; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 3, new_desc_blocks = 5
The filesystem on /dev/vgcolor/blue is now 655360 blocks long.
> 마운트이 되어 있는 상태에서, 파일 시스템 용량 확장 가능 -> df -h로 확장된 용량 확인
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red 637M 129M 509M 21% /red ----this check!!
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-blue 612M 2.3M 577M 1% /blue ----this check!!
반대로, 파일시스템 용량을 줄이려면?
> 먼저 , umount 진행
[root@localhost ~]# umount /blu인
> umount된 것 확인
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red 637M 129M 509M 21% /red
> resize 시, 파일 시스템에 문제 있는지 없는지 강제로 먼저 체크를 해야 한다고 나옴.
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/vgcolor/blue 480M
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Please run 'e2fsck -f /dev/vgcolor/blue' first.
[root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/vgcolor/blue
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/vgcolor/blue: 11/163840 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 31187/655360 blocks
>
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/vgcolor/blue 480M
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vgcolor/blue to 491520 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vgcolor/blue is now 491520 blocks long.
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red 637M 129M 509M 21% /red
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi-a----- 640.00m
lvol0 vgcolor -wi-ao---- 304.00m
red vgcolor -wi-ao---- 640.00m
> blue LV 사이즈 줄임
[root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L 480M /dev/vgcolor/blue
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 480.00 MiB.
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce vgcolor/blue? [y/n]: y
Size of logical volume vgcolor/blue changed from 640.00 MiB (40 extents) to 480.00 MiB (30 extents).
Logical volume vgcolor/blue successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi-a----- 480.00m
lvol0 vgcolor -wi-ao---- 304.00m
red vgcolor -wi-ao---- 640.00m
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red 637M 129M 509M 21% /red
> 다시 /blue에 mount
[root@localhost ~]# mount /blue
> df -h로 파일 시스템 용량 최종 줄어듦을 확인!
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red 637M 129M 509M 21% /red
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-blue 457M 2.3M 429M 1% /blue --this check!!
> vgcolor에 대한 속성 정보를 출력해준다. 가끔, volume group(VG)에 문제가 생기면, 해당 파일을 참고해서 VG 복구 가능!
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/lvm/backup/
cl vgcolor
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/lvm/backup/vgcolor
# Generated by LVM2 version 2.02.166(2)-RHEL7 (2016-11-16): Mon Apr 17 13:59:32 2023
contents = "Text Format Volume Group"
version = 1
description = "Created *after* executing 'lvreduce -L 480M /dev/vgcolor/blue'"
creation_host = "localhost.localdomain" # Linux localhost.localdomain 3.10.0-514.26.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Jun 29 16:05:25 UTC 2017 x86_64
creation_time = 1681707572 # Mon Apr 17 13:59:32 2023
vgcolor {
id = "g2HQ8f-DUvm-g3B0-k7ea-LgvE-bM9E-0ZnGQ4"
seqno = 8
format = "lvm2" # informational
status = ["RESIZEABLE", "READ", "WRITE"]
flags = []
extent_size = 32768 # 16 Megabytes
max_lv = 0
max_pv = 0
metadata_copies = 0
physical_volumes {
pv0 {
id = "6vSBrl-LUJi-TyWx-jCH2-T0ND-DqHT-9sRLpq"
device = "/dev/sda" # Hint only
status = ["ALLOCATABLE"]
flags = []
dev_size = 2097152 # 1024 Megabytes
pe_start = 2048
pe_count = 63 # 1008 Megabytes
}
pv1 {
id = "52XEkN-oWZY-anS8-W323-oPEd-0rnn-v0IX0O"
device = "/dev/sdb" # Hint only
status = ["ALLOCATABLE"]
flags = []
dev_size = 2097152 # 1024 Megabytes
pe_start = 2048
pe_count = 63 # 1008 Megabytes
}
pv2 {
id = "k7k20f-BqVU-Luyx-Vt9e-8Jao-YsDm-KuHc0P"
device = "/dev/sdc" # Hint only
status = ["ALLOCATABLE"]
flags = []
dev_size = 2097152 # 1024 Megabytes
pe_start = 2048
pe_count = 63 # 1008 Megabytes
}
}
logical_volumes {
red {
id = "zUlKwe-fLDP-oZrd-LrlW-NfR7-2l6Z-vAaaX5"
status = ["READ", "WRITE", "VISIBLE"]
flags = []
creation_time = 1681699686 # 2023-04-17 11:48:06 +0900
creation_host = "localhost.localdomain"
segment_count = 3
segment1 {
start_extent = 0
extent_count = 10 # 160 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv0", 0
]
}
segment2 {
start_extent = 10
extent_count = 14 # 224 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv0", 49
]
}
segment3 {
start_extent = 24
extent_count = 16 # 256 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv1", 0
]
}
}
blue {
id = "XRtCnu-fRAI-XkfL-f4fm-OsYy-UTNR-p8Ul7u"
status = ["READ", "WRITE", "VISIBLE"]
flags = []
creation_time = 1681699719 # 2023-04-17 11:48:39 +0900
creation_host = "localhost.localdomain"
segment_count = 2
segment1 {
start_extent = 0
extent_count = 20 # 320 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv0", 10
]
}
segment2 {
start_extent = 20
extent_count = 10 # 160 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv1", 16
]
}
}
lvol0 {
id = "3sZq1c-3xHR-VdKv-l9a2-E4AX-VaG1-PvJN4D"
status = ["READ", "WRITE", "VISIBLE"]
flags = []
creation_time = 1681699844 # 2023-04-17 11:50:44 +0900
creation_host = "localhost.localdomain"
segment_count = 1
segment1 {
start_extent = 0
extent_count = 19 # 304 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv0", 30
]
}
}
}
}
> vgcfgbackup 그냥 실행 시 -> /etc/lvm/backup 에 디폴트로 백업됨.
[root@localhost ~]# vgcfgbackup
Volume group "cl" successfully backed up.
Volume group "vgcolor" successfully backed up.
> vgcfgbackup 백업 파일 지정 가능
[root@localhost ~]# vgcfgbackup -f /tmp/vg.back vgcolor
Volume group "vgcolor" successfully backed up.
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/vg.back
# Generated by LVM2 version 2.02.166(2)-RHEL7 (2016-11-16): Mon Apr 17 14:07:10 2023
contents = "Text Format Volume Group"
version = 1
description = "vgcfgbackup -f /tmp/vg.back vgcolor"
creation_host = "localhost.localdomain" # Linux localhost.localdomain 3.10.0-514.26.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Jun 29 16:05:25 UTC 2017 x86_64
creation_time = 1681708030 # Mon Apr 17 14:07:10 2023
vgcolor {
id = "g2HQ8f-DUvm-g3B0-k7ea-LgvE-bM9E-0ZnGQ4"
seqno = 8
format = "lvm2" # informational
status = ["RESIZEABLE", "READ", "WRITE"]
flags = []
extent_size = 32768 # 16 Megabytes
max_lv = 0
max_pv = 0
metadata_copies = 0
physical_volumes {
pv0 {
id = "6vSBrl-LUJi-TyWx-jCH2-T0ND-DqHT-9sRLpq"
device = "/dev/sda" # Hint only
status = ["ALLOCATABLE"]
flags = []
dev_size = 2097152 # 1024 Megabytes
pe_start = 2048
pe_count = 63 # 1008 Megabytes
}
pv1 {
id = "52XEkN-oWZY-anS8-W323-oPEd-0rnn-v0IX0O"
device = "/dev/sdb" # Hint only
status = ["ALLOCATABLE"]
flags = []
dev_size = 2097152 # 1024 Megabytes
pe_start = 2048
pe_count = 63 # 1008 Megabytes
}
pv2 {
id = "k7k20f-BqVU-Luyx-Vt9e-8Jao-YsDm-KuHc0P"
device = "/dev/sdc" # Hint only
status = ["ALLOCATABLE"]
flags = []
dev_size = 2097152 # 1024 Megabytes
pe_start = 2048
pe_count = 63 # 1008 Megabytes
}
}
logical_volumes {
red {
id = "zUlKwe-fLDP-oZrd-LrlW-NfR7-2l6Z-vAaaX5"
status = ["READ", "WRITE", "VISIBLE"]
flags = []
creation_time = 1681699686 # 2023-04-17 11:48:06 +0900
creation_host = "localhost.localdomain"
segment_count = 3
segment1 {
start_extent = 0
extent_count = 10 # 160 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv0", 0
]
}
segment2 {
start_extent = 10
extent_count = 14 # 224 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv0", 49
]
}
segment3 {
start_extent = 24
extent_count = 16 # 256 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv1", 0
]
}
}
blue {
id = "XRtCnu-fRAI-XkfL-f4fm-OsYy-UTNR-p8Ul7u"
status = ["READ", "WRITE", "VISIBLE"]
flags = []
creation_time = 1681699719 # 2023-04-17 11:48:39 +0900
creation_host = "localhost.localdomain"
segment_count = 2
segment1 {
start_extent = 0
extent_count = 20 # 320 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv0", 10
]
}
segment2 {
start_extent = 20
extent_count = 10 # 160 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv1", 16
]
}
}
lvol0 {
id = "3sZq1c-3xHR-VdKv-l9a2-E4AX-VaG1-PvJN4D"
status = ["READ", "WRITE", "VISIBLE"]
flags = []
creation_time = 1681699844 # 2023-04-17 11:50:44 +0900
creation_host = "localhost.localdomain"
segment_count = 1
segment1 {
start_extent = 0
extent_count = 19 # 304 Megabytes
type = "striped"
stripe_count = 1 # linear
stripes = [
"pv0", 30
]
}
}
}
}
> backup한 것 restore
[root@localhost ~]# vgcfgrestore -f /tmp/vg.back vgcolor
Restored volume group vgcolor
>
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay vgcolor
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vgcolor
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 9
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 3
Open LV 3
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 2.95 GiB
PE Size 16.00 MiB
Total PE 189
Alloc PE / Size 89 / 1.39 GiB
Free PE / Size 100 / 1.56 GiB
VG UUID g2HQ8f-DUvm-g3B0-k7ea-LgvE-bM9E-0ZnGQ4
Moving Volumes Between Systems
- 새로운 시스템 (old -> new) 디스크 이전하는 process
- unmount /디렉토리 (언마운트하기)
- vgchange -a n VG이름 (:volume group 비활성화)
- vgexport VG이름 (:export해서 해당 VG 내보냄)
- poweroff
- 새로운 디스크장착
- power on
- pvscan (:physical volume들을 scan함 -> 어느 Volume group에 속하는지 분류됨)
- vgimport VG이름 (:volume group이 import됨)
- vgchange -a y VG이름 (VG가 아직 비활성화 상태이므로, volume group을 활성화해주어야 함.
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-red 637M 129M 509M 21% /red
/dev/mapper/vgcolor-blue 457M 2.3M 429M 1% /blue
[root@localhost ~]# umount /red /blue
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /dev/vgcolor/lvol0
[root@localhost ~]# vgchange -a n vgcolor
0 logical volume(s) in volume group "vgcolor" now active
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi------- 480.00m
lvol0 vgcolor -wi------- 304.00m
red vgcolor -wi------- 640.00m
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vgcolor/red
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vgcolor/red
LV Name red
VG Name vgcolor
LV UUID zUlKwe-fLDP-oZrd-LrlW-NfR7-2l6Z-vAaaX5
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-17 11:48:06 +0900
LV Status NOT available ---this check!!!
LV Size 640.00 MiB
Current LE 40
Segments 3
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
[root@localhost ~]# vgexport vgcolor
Volume group "vgcolor" successfully exported
> Attr 에 x붙음 (export)
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda vgcolor lvm2 ax- 1008.00m 0 ---Attr this check!!!!
/dev/sdb vgcolor lvm2 ax- 1008.00m 592.00m ---Attr this check!!!!
/dev/sdc vgcolor lvm2 ax- 1008.00m 1008.00m ---Attr this check!!!!
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
> power off 후, 디스크 바꿔끼웠다고 가정
> pvscan
[root@localhost ~]# pvscan
PV /dev/vda2 VG cl lvm2 [19.00 GiB / 0 free]
PV /dev/sda is in exported VG vgcolor [1008.00 MiB / 0 free]
PV /dev/sdb is in exported VG vgcolor [1008.00 MiB / 592.00 MiB free]
PV /dev/sdc is in exported VG vgcolor [1008.00 MiB / 1008.00 MiB free]
Total: 4 [21.95 GiB] / in use: 4 [21.95 GiB] / in no VG: 0 [0 ]
> vgimport 수행
[root@localhost ~]# vgimport vgcolor
Volume group "vgcolor" successfully imported
> export(x- 사라짐)
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 0
/dev/sdb vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 592.00m
/dev/sdc vgcolor lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 1008.00m
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay vgcolor
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vgcolor
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 11
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 3
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 2.95 GiB
PE Size 16.00 MiB
Total PE 189
Alloc PE / Size 89 / 1.39 GiB
Free PE / Size 100 / 1.56 GiB
VG UUID g2HQ8f-DUvm-g3B0-k7ea-LgvE-bM9E-0ZnGQ4
> 아직, Logical Volume은 활성화되지 않은 상태임.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi------- 480.00m
lvol0 vgcolor -wi------- 304.00m
red vgcolor -wi------- 640.00m
> LV status 확인
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vgcolor/red
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vgcolor/red
LV Name red
VG Name vgcolor
LV UUID zUlKwe-fLDP-oZrd-LrlW-NfR7-2l6Z-vAaaX5
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-17 11:48:06 +0900
LV Status NOT available -----this check!!!아직 비활성화 상태
LV Size 640.00 MiB
Current LE 40
Segments 3
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
> vgcolor라는 LV 활성화
[root@localhost ~]# vgchange -a y vgcolor
3 logical volume(s) in volume group "vgcolor" now active
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi-a----- 480.00m
lvol0 vgcolor -wi-a----- 304.00m
red vgcolor -wi-a----- 640.00m
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vgcolor/red
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vgcolor/red
LV Name red
VG Name vgcolor
LV UUID zUlKwe-fLDP-oZrd-LrlW-NfR7-2l6Z-vAaaX5
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-17 11:48:06 +0900
LV Status available -----this check!!!활성화 됨.
# open 0
LV Size 640.00 MiB
Current LE 40
Segments 3
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:2
Logical Volume 삭제
> LV 삭제
[root@localhost ~]# lvremove /dev/vgcolor/lvol0
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vgcolor/lvol0? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "lvol0" successfully removed
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
blue vgcolor -wi-a----- 480.00m
red vgcolor -wi-a----- 640.00m
> VG 삭제
[root@localhost ~]# vgremove vgcolor
Do you really want to remove volume group "vgcolor" containing 2 logical volumes? [y/n]: y
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vgcolor/red? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "red" successfully removed
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vgcolor/blue? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "blue" successfully removed
Volume group "vgcolor" successfully removed
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0
> Physical Volume은 아직 남아있음
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
> /dev/sdc PV 삭제
[root@localhost ~]# pvremove /dev/sdc
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully wiped.
> pvs 확인
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
Advanced LVM : Automated Storage Tiering
-
사양 exampale
- HDD(하드디스크 2TB)
- SSD(512G)
- SSHD(2TB) : SSD와 하드디스크를 결합한 하이브리드 형태
- OS가 설치되는 영역 : SSD
- 실제 data가 저장되는 영역 : HDD
- 이것이 LVM Tiering과 똑같은 것.
-
Storage Tiering
- SSD: 읽고 쓰기 성능이 빠르기 때문에, 캐쉬 용도로 사용
- HDD: 실제 data를 저장
=> 이들을 PV(physical volume으로 만듬)
=> HDD를 묶어서 tag로 지정, SSD를 묶어서 tag로 지정
=> 이러한 PV를 묶고 묶어 VG(volume group)으로 만듦.
=> data라고 하는 tag를 갖고 있는 PV만 모아서 LV(Logical volume)1으로 만듦.
=> 캐쉬라고 하는 tag를 갖고 있는 PV만 모아서 LV(Logical volume)2으로 만듦.
=> 그리고 LV1과 LV2를 서로 묶어서 (LV1+LV2) 하나의 LV(Logical volume)처럼 만들어줌.
=> 이를 바로 storage Tiering이라고 부름.
- option
- writethrough: 읽기 성능 향상, 쓰기 성능 보통
- 안정성 보장
- writeback: ssd로부터 읽고 쓰니까, 읽기 성능 향상, 쓰기 성능 향상
- 안정성 문제 (캐쉬에 쓴게 날라 갈 수도 있으므로)
- writethrough: 읽기 성능 향상, 쓰기 성능 보통
> pvs object tags
[root@localhost ~]# pvs -o+tags
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree PV Tags
/dev/sda lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created.
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0성
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0
> VG 생성
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate vgcloud /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
Volume group "vgcloud" successfully created
> VG(volume group) 이 만들어져야, tag를 지정할 수 있다.
> tag 생성
[root@localhost ~]# pvchange --addtag slowhdd /dev/sda /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sda" changed
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" changed
2 physical volumes changed / 0 physical volumes not changed
> tag 생성
[root@localhost ~]# pvchange --addtag sdd /dev/sdc
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" changed
1 physical volume changed / 0 physical volumes not changed
> tag 확인
[root@localhost ~]# pvs -o+tags
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree PV Tags
/dev/sda vgcloud lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 1020.00m slowhdd
/dev/sdb vgcloud lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 1020.00m slowhdd
/dev/sdc vgcloud lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 1020.00m sdd
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
> vgcloud Volume Group(VG)에서 slowhdd라는 태그(@slowhdd)를 갖고 있는 애들만 모아서 lvdata이름의 Logical Volume(LV) 만들자
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lvdata vgcloud @slowhdd
WARNING: xfs signature detected on /dev/vgcloud/lvdata at offset 0. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
Wiping xfs signature on /dev/vgcloud/lvdata.
Logical volume "lvdata" created.
> vgcloud Volume Group(VG)에서 sdd라는 태그를 갖고 있는 애들만 모아서 lvcache이름의 Logical Volume(LV) 만들자
> cache-poll로 쓰겠다는 type 옵션추가 (--type cache-pool)
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate --type cache-pool -l 100%FREE -n lvcache vgcloud @sdd
Using default stripesize 64.00 KiB.
Logical volume "lvcache" created.
> LV 확인
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
lvcache vgcloud Cwi---C--- 1004.00m
lvdata vgcloud -wi-a----- 1.99g
> lvcache를 lvdata의 cachepool로 쓰겠다. -> lvcache, lvdata 두개의 LV가 하나로 결합됨.
[root@localhost ~]# lvconvert --type cache --cachepool vgcloud/lvcache vgcloud/lvdata
Do you want wipe existing metadata of cache pool volume vgcloud/lvcache? [y/n]: y
Logical volume vgcloud/lvdata is now cached.
> LV 확인 (결합됨)
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
lvdata vgcloud Cwi-a-C--- 1.99g [lvcache] [lvdata_corig] 0.00 1.86 0.00
> 파일 포맷
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vgcloud/lvdata
meta-data=/dev/vgcloud/lvdata isize=512 agcount=8, agsize=65264 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=522112, imaxpct=25
= sunit=16 swidth=16 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=16 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
> mount 시킴.
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /data
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vgcloud/lvdata /data
> 확인
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcloud-lvdata 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /data
>
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
lvdata vgcloud Cwi-aoC--- 1.99g [lvcache] [lvdata_corig] 0.97 1.86 0.00
> lvs -o 옵션으로 컬럼 지정 가능
> vgcloud의 lvdata에서 다음과 같은 컬럼에 대한 lvs 정보를 출력
[root@localhost ~]# lvs -o cachemode,cache_read_hits,cache_total_blocks vgcloud/lvdata
CacheMode CacheReadHits CacheTotalBlocks
writethrough 336 16064
[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/bin/* /data
> HDD에 데이터 쓰기 전에 캐쉬가 사용될 것이므로, cachereadhits 가 늘어남.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs -o cachemode,cache_read_hits,cache_total_blocks vgcloud/lvdata
CacheMode CacheReadHits CacheTotalBlocks
writethrough 343 16064
=> writethrough (디폴트) 방식이므로, 읽기 성능의 향상.(쓰기 성능은 그대로)
Advanced LVM : RAID Volumes
- 하드웨어 적으로 RAID 구현하지 않을 경우, 소프트웨어 적으로 RAID 구현
striping
- 일을 분담해서 하도록 함.
- RAID 0
mirroring
- 디스크 이중화 -> 한쪽 디스크가 장애나더라도, 다른 디스크가 수행
- 최소한 디스크가 2개 붙어있어야 함.
- 읽기 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다.
- RAID 1
RAID
- RAID 0: striping
- RAID 1: mirroring
- RAID 3: parity(패리티) 값 저장
- 10이라는 data가 들어왔을 때, parity 값에 저장을 해두어서, 고장난 디스크의 값 (?) 을 다음과 같이, 5+?+2 = 10 연산으로 유추할 수 있도록 함.
- parity 값을 저장하는 디스크가 다른 디스크보다 훨씬 읽고 쓰기를 많이 하므로, 고장날 확률이 높아짐.
- RAID 5: 따라서, parity 값도 한 디스크에 저장하지 말고, 여러 디스크에 분산해서 저장하자. (즉, parity 값을 분산해서 저장)
- 색칠된 부분이 parity 저장된 곳
- RAID 6: double parity (parity 값을 두개 저장)
LVM + mirroring
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 17G 3.9G 14G 23% /
devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs 2.0G 144K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 2.0G 8.9M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 1014M 157M 858M 16% /boot
tmpfs 396M 4.0K 396M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 396M 12K 396M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vgcloud-lvdata 2.0G 190M 1.8G 10% /dat럼
[root@localhost ~]# umount /data
[root@localhost ~]# vgremove vgcloud
Do you really want to remove volume group "vgcloud" containing 1 logical volumes? [y/n]: y
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vgcloud/lvdata? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "lvcache" successfully removed
Logical volume "lvdata" successfully removed
Volume group "vgcloud" successfully removed
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
/dev/vda2 cl lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0
> VG vgtest 생성
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate vgtest /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
Volume group "vgtest" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0
vgtest 3 0 0 wz--n- 2.99g 2.99g
> -m 1: 미러링 1개
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 100M -m 1 -n mirror vgtest
Logical volume "mirror" created.
> Sync부분이 같은거 가지고 있는지 나타내는 클럼
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root cl -wi-ao---- 17.00g
swap cl -wi-ao---- 2.00g
mirror vgtest rwi-a-r--- 100.00m 92.00
> mapping 정보를 보여달라.
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay -m /dev/vgtest/mirror
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vgtest/mirror
LV Name mirror
VG Name vgtest
LV UUID k0qAXT-5Mp9-tJ4Q-kjaO-FTnT-A1Yi-giT6PW
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-17 15:58:45 +0900
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 100.00 MiB
Current LE 25
Mirrored volumes 2
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:6
--- Segments ---
Logical extents 0 to 24:
Type raid1
Monitoring monitored
Raid Data LV 0
Logical volume mirror_rimage_0
Logical extents 0 to 24
Raid Data LV 1
Logical volume mirror_rimage_1
Logical extents 0 to 24
Raid Metadata LV 0 mirror_rmeta_0
Raid Metadata LV 1 mirror_rmeta_1
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay -v vgtest
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vgtest
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 2.99 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 765
Alloc PE / Size 52 / 208.00 MiB
Free PE / Size 713 / 2.79 GiB
VG UUID g9L7mJ-Jf2i-o1W0-3k07-kTnK-b0Ld-Lt9xB1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vgtest/mirror
LV Name mirror
VG Name vgtest
LV UUID k0qAXT-5Mp9-tJ4Q-kjaO-FTnT-A1Yi-giT6PW
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-17 15:58:45 +0900
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 100.00 MiB
Current LE 25
Mirrored volumes 2
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:6
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sda
PV UUID 6vSBrl-LUJi-TyWx-jCH2-T0ND-DqHT-9sRLpq
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 229
PV Name /dev/sdb
PV UUID 52XEkN-oWZY-anS8-W323-oPEd-0rnn-v0IX0O
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 229
PV Name /dev/sdc
PV UUID adfL89-v8PF-iNyr-1lLD-1hQA-rf8e-rCZa5g
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 255
[root@localhost ~]# lvremove /dev/vgtest/mirror
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vgtest/mirror? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "mirror" successfully removed
> 원본과 원본과 관련된 미러링 1개, RAID 1, vgtest라는 VG에서
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 400M --type raid1 -m 1 -n lvmirror vgtest
Logical volume "lvmirror" created.
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay -v vgtest
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vgtest
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 6
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 2.99 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 765
Alloc PE / Size 202 / 808.00 MiB
Free PE / Size 563 / 2.20 GiB
VG UUID g9L7mJ-Jf2i-o1W0-3k07-kTnK-b0Ld-Lt9xB1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vgtest/lvmirror
LV Name lvmirror
VG Name vgtest
LV UUID n2A6Av-0It6-ExXb-6Ya6-home-z6gV-e0cfi1
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-17 16:06:10 +0900
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 400.00 MiB
Current LE 100
Mirrored volumes 2
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:6
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sda
PV UUID 6vSBrl-LUJi-TyWx-jCH2-T0ND-DqHT-9sRLpq
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 154 ----- this check!! mirroring
PV Name /dev/sdb
PV UUID 52XEkN-oWZY-anS8-W323-oPEd-0rnn-v0IX0O
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 154 ----- this check!! mirroring
PV Name /dev/sdc
PV UUID adfL89-v8PF-iNyr-1lLD-1hQA-rf8e-rCZa5g
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 255 ----- this check!!not mirroring
> LVcreate
> 옵션 => VG이름 :vgtest, --type (raid타입): raid5, -i (디스크 개수): disk 3개, -n (이름): lvraid5
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 100M --type raid5 -i 3 -n lvraid5 vgtest
Using default stripesize 64.00 KiB.
Rounding size 100.00 MiB (25 extents) up to stripe boundary size 108.00 MiB (27 extents).
Logical volume "lvraid5" created.
> 확인 (각각 10개씩 사용됨을 확인 가능)
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay -v vgtest
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vgtest
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 4
Metadata Sequence No 10
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 4
Act PV 4
VG Size 3.98 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1020
Alloc PE / Size 40 / 160.00 MiB
Free PE / Size 980 / 3.83 GiB
VG UUID g9L7mJ-Jf2i-o1W0-3k07-kTnK-b0Ld-Lt9xB1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vgtest/lvraid5
LV Name lvraid5
VG Name vgtest
LV UUID wuOc77-d2Ma-Atxh-uRml-3qDw-RA7b-wettbB
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-17 16:09:32 +0900
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 108.00 MiB
Current LE 27
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:15
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sda
PV UUID 6vSBrl-LUJi-TyWx-jCH2-T0ND-DqHT-9sRLpq
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 245 -------10개씩 사용되고 있음
PV Name /dev/sdb
PV UUID 52XEkN-oWZY-anS8-W323-oPEd-0rnn-v0IX0O
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 245 -------10개씩 사용되고 있음
PV Name /dev/sdc
PV UUID adfL89-v8PF-iNyr-1lLD-1hQA-rf8e-rCZa5g
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 245 -------10개씩 사용되고 있음
PV Name /dev/sdd
PV UUID L48xDo-TZ93-qOQK-QBtt-RDSC-RGQN-kosJ5E
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 255 / 245 -------10개씩 사용되고 있음
study log