Operating system

h2 🧠 What computer understand? Computer only understand binary information => 0s Binary information is divided by two types > - Data > - Instruct

How to represent data in binary Q. Computer only understands binary, but how we can handle data like 2 or 3? A. Every data or instruction converted t

High-level Language vs Low-level Language High-level languages should be converted to low-level languages > Two types of low-level languages Assembly

Inputs:Operands (from registers)Control signal (from the Control Unit)Outputs:Result, sent to a registerFlags, sent to the Flag RegisterFlags: Extra i

A faster clock allows CPU to complete instruction cycles more quickly. However, higher speeds generate more heat, which can lead to thermal issues.🧩

Type: RAMPurpose: Stores data and instructions that the CPU is currently executingNote: Data is lost when the power is off(volatile)🧠 Why is RAM impo

💽 Hard Disk Drive (HDD) 🧩 Components of a Hard Disk Platter: A disk that stores data. A hard disk can have multiple platters track: A circular path

: A program that runs in the kernel space of memory. Its primary role is to manage and allocate available system resources to user applications : Reso

🔄 I/O-Bound vs CPU-Bound Processes🧩 Process TypesI/O-bound process: Spends more time performing I/O operations than computations(frequent I/O bursts

: The coordination of multiple threads or processes to ensure they access shared resources in a controlled manner, preventing data corruption and race

A deadlock occurs when two or more processes are waiting for each other's resources indefinitely, causing a system haltCircle = ProcessSquare = Resour

Foreground process: Interact directly with usersBackground process(daemon): Runs in the background without user interaction : A data structure in kern

🧠 Swapping : A memory management technique where inactive processes are temporarily moved to the hard disk to free up space in RAM, and new or active

File: A logical unit of related data, stored as a bundle in secondary memoryDirectory: fundemantaly directory is a special type of file that stores me